Sitagliptin is selective dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP4-I), used clinically as a new oral anti-diabetic agent. This study explored the underlying mechanisms of the hepatoprotective role of sitagliptin pretreatment against methotrexate (MTX) induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Forty mice were divided into four groups (10 mice each); control, MTX, and two sitagliptin groups (pretreated with sitagliptin 10 and 20 mg/kg/day, respectively) for five consecutive days prior to MTX injection. Results showed that MTX induced marked hepatic injury in the form of cloudy swelling, hydropic degeneration, apoptosis and focal necrosis in all hepatic zones. Biochemical analysis revealed significant increase in the serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase in MTX group. Oxidative stress and depressed antioxidant system of the hepatic tissues were evident in MTX group. MTX down-regulated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression and reduced its binding capacity. Additionally, MTX increased the activation and the expression of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and downstream inflammatory mediators. MTX induced the activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and increased nitrite/nitrate level. Finally, hepatic cellular apoptosis was clearly obvious in MTX-intoxicated animals using TUNEL staining. Also, there was increase in the immunoexpression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax, increase in Bax and caspase-3 levels and decrease in the level of anti-apoptotic Bcl2 in liver. On the other hand, sitagliptin pretreatment significantly ameliorated all of the above mentioned biochemical, histopathological, immunohistochemical changes induced by MTX. These results provide new evidences that the hepatoprotective effect of sitagliptin is possibly mediated through modulation of Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathways with subsequent suppression of inflammatory and apoptotic processes.

Background/purposePristimerin (Pris) is triterpenoid compound with many biological effects. Until now, nothing is known about its effect on doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity. Hence, this study investigated the impact of Pris on DOX-induced cardiotoxic effects.Materials and methodsRats were treated with Pris 1 week before and 2 weeks contaminant with repeated DOX injection. Afterwards, electrocardiography (ECG), biochemical, histopathological, PCR, and Western blot assessments were performed.ResultsPris effectively alleviated DOX-induced deleterious cardiac damage. It inhibited DOX-induced ECG abnormities as well as DOX-induced elevation of serum indices of cardiotoxicity. The histopathological cardiac lesions and fibrosis were remarkably improved in Pris-treated animals. Pris reduced hydroxyproline content and attenuated the mRNA and protein expression of the pro-fibrogenic genes. The antioxidant activity of Pris was prominent through the amelioration of oxidative stress parameters and enhancement of antioxidants. Furthermore, Pris enhanced the activation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway as it increased the mRNA and protein expression of Nrf2 and Nrf2-dependent antioxidant genes (GCL, NQO1, HO-1). Additionally, the anti-inflammatory effect of Pris was obvious through the inhibition of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK)/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB) signaling and subsequent inhibition of inflammatory mediators.ConclusionThis study provides evidence of the cardioprotective activity of Pris which is related to the modulation of Nrf2 and MAPK/NF-kB signaling pathways.

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Hysteroscopy can be used as the first line diagnostic tool for evaluating the benign endometrial lesions, such as endometrial polyp and submucosal myoma, nonetheless hysteroscopy has poor validity for excluding endometrial hyperplasia and cancer in women presenting with the postmenopausal bleeding and thick endometrium.

There is a large body of evidence suggesting that inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4, such as sitagliptin, may exhibit beneficial effects against different inflammatory disorders. This investigation was conducted to elucidate the potential ability of sitagliptin to counteract the injurious effects of doxorubicin in cardiac tissue. Male Wistar rats were pretreated with sitagliptin for 10 days then treated with a single dose of doxorubicin (20 mg/kg, i.p). Electrocardiography, biochemical estimation of serum and tissue markers, and histo-and immunopathological examinations were done. Results have shown that supplementation with sitagliptin resulted in significant improvement of cardiac function with contaminant decrease in serum markers of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. These results were supported by the histopathological results. Furthermore, a marked protection against oxidative stress was evident through reduction of lipid peroxidation and prevention of reduced glutathione content depletion and superoxide dismutase activity reduction in cardiac tissue of rats pretreated with sitagliptin in combination with doxorubicin. Moreover, sitagliptin ameliorated the activation of nuclear factor kappa-B and the release of inflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factoralpha and nitric oxide. Finally, sitagliptin attenuated doxorubicin-induced increase in the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax and in the apoptotic marker, caspase-3. Collectively, these data indicate that sitagliptin pretreatment could alleviate doxorubicininduced cardiotoxicity via reducing oxidative damage and its subsequent inflammation and apoptosis.

MP may serve as a new cardioprotective candidate. The cardioprotective effects of MP may be attributed to its ability to suppress oxidative stress and interrupt TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway with subsequent amelioration of apoptosis.

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Garcinia mangostana L. (GM, family Guttiferae) is one of the most widely recognized tropical fruits. GM is a wealthy pool of xanthones that exhibit a wide range of bioactivities. Tovophyllin A (TA) separated from GM pericarps was tested for its efficacy to ameliorate acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury. Mice were injected with a single dose of APAP with or without TA pretreatment. The protective effects of TA against APAP-induced liver damage were evident through amelioration of serum indices of hepatotoxicity and improvement of hepatic histopathologic lesions. TA has antioxidant activity because it inhibited APAP-induced lipid peroxidation and improved the antioxidant capacity of the liver. Also, TA enhanced the mRNA expression of nuclear erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its target genes. Protein expression of Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 was enhanced remarkably in TA-pretreated groups. TA suppressed activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and the subsequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, TA has a marked protective activity against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity which may be linked to its ability to activate Nrf2 and inhibit the NF-κB signaling pathway.