The same pepsinogen C molecule is produced in the stomach and in the lung. These findings potentially affect previous study results that used an enzymatic pepsin detection assay to evaluate for and associate gastroesophageal reflux disease with other morbidities.

ContextReports evaluating a possible association between necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) and blood transfusion have been predominantly case–control studies. As the possible associations of disease with any variable on which cases and controls have been matched cannot be explored, a cohort study would offer a solution to this problem.ObjectiveOur objective was to evaluate the association between exposure to a packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusion and development of NEC in a cohort where biases of matching are omitted.DesignIn a retrospective cohort, exposed infants were defined as those who received a transfusion and did not develop NEC or developed NEC within 48 h of the transfusion. All others were considered unexposed.SettingA single regional perinatal centre in Memphis, Tennessee, USA.Patients3060 ≤1500 g birth weights (BW) were included.Outcome measuresThe relative risk of developing NEC after exposure to a PRBC transfusion was measured.Results3060 infants were identified. 174 infants (5.7%) developed NEC; 116 of the 174 infants (67%) were exposed. NEC infants had a significantly lower BW (924 vs 1042 g) and required a longer stay on a ventilator (7 vs 2 days). Divided into groups, infants with BW ≤750 , 751–1000 , 1001–1250 g and 1251–1500 g (n=52, 51, 46 and 25, respectively) had a relative risk of 0.14, 0.46, 1.83 and 1.78 (p<0.01, 0.02, 0.07 and 0.17), respectively, to develop NEC after an exposure. Infants with longest ventilator days were also significantly less likely to develop NEC after an exposure; relative risk=0.11 (p<0.01).ConclusionsExposure to transfusions was less likely associated with NEC in ≤1000 g infants and remained a risk factor in 1001–1500 infants. BW has to be factored in any study evaluating the association between PRBC transfusions and NEC.

The trends of overall medication use remained the same in our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) over the past 22 years. There was no association between medication utilization and survival. VLBW infants continue to receive a high number of medications in the NICU, including a variety of antibiotics.

Packed red blood cells are a source of mercury for infants. However, the amount delivered is low compared with currently set safety levels. The episodes in which mercury intake exceeded the reference dose were rare. However, without long-term follow-up, no conclusions can be made about the cognitive implications of these episodes.

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