Concentration level of chromium (Cr) and gallium (Ga) were measured in the total suspended solid (TSS) and surface sediments to investigate its distribution and anthropogenic inputs along Sungai Kelantan. The in-situ water quality parameters, surface sediment and surface water were collected using calibrated portable YSI water quality meter, ponar grab and water sampler, respectively. The concentration range of chromium and gallium in TSS were from 19-111 µg/g and 153-3762 µg/g, respectively, along the river. While in surface sediment, the concentrations ranged from 16-172 µg/g for Cr and 25-82 µg/g for Ga. The high concentration of Ga in TSS and Cr in sediment would suggest that the anthropogenic inputs takes place in the river channel, which is due to human activities such as sand exploration along Sungai Kelantan. In mobilization towards the estuary, Ga was more easily transported in the TSS from upstream to downstream especially during the wet season. Cr was dominant in sediment due to its affinity towards inorganic minerals and easily being scavenged in the water column during burial onto the riverbed sediment. Spatial distribution was prominent as several factors affecting the distribution along the river channel addresses the lighter gallium and dissolution of chromium towards surface sediment while being mobilize further for overall distribution before sinking in the estuarine region. ABSTRAKAras kepekatan kromium (Cr) dan galium (Ga) telah diukur dalam jumlah pepejal terampai (TSS) dan sedimen permukaan untuk mengkaji taburan dan juga kemasukan sumber antropogenik di sepanjang Sungai Kelantan. Parameter in-situ kualiti air, sedimen permukaan dan air permukaan dikumpul dengan menggunakan YSI meter kualiti air mudah alih yang dikalibrasi, pensampel cekau ponar dan persampel air. Julat kepekatan Cr dan Ga di dalam TSS adalah dari 19-111 μg/g dan 153-3762 μg/g masing-masing, di sepanjang sungai. Manakala di sedimen permukaan pula, julat kepekatan adalah dari 16-172 μg/g untuk Cr dan 25-82 μg/g untuk Ga. Aras kepekatan yang tinggi dalam TSS adalah Ga, manakala Cr dalam sedimen menunjukkan bahawa kemasukan input antropogenik berlaku di dalam aliran sungai yang disebabkan oleh aktiviti manusia seperti penggalian pasir di sepanjang Sungai Kelantan. Bagi mobilisasi ke arah muara, Ga lebih mudah diangkut ke dalam TSS dari hulu ke hilir terutamanya semasa musim hujan. Cr adalah lebih dominan di dalam sedimen akibat keafinan ke arah unsur mineral tak organik dan mudah diskaveng di dalam turus air semasa pengebumian di atas sedimen sungai. Sebaran ruang adalah peranan yang menonjol sebagai salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi taburan di sepanjang aliran sungai dengan mengenal pasti bahawa Ga yang lebih ringan dan pelarutan Cr ke dalam sedimen permukaan ketika mobilisasi mempengaruhi taburan keseluruhan sebelum terbenam di kawasan muara.
Sebanyak dua teras sedimen diperoleh dari Lembangan Melayu dan Selat Melaka bagi mengenal pasti pemendapan sedimen serta proses 210Pb di Lembangan Melayu dan Selat Melaka. Di kawasan kajian, purata aktiviti 210Pb adalah sebanyak 111.47 ± 15.01 Bq/kg dan 126.38 ± 16.8 Bq/kg di stesen M17 dan M43 dengan perbezaan antara stesen adalah sebanyak 10%. Kedua-dua stesen menerima input yang berlainan melalui saluran air ke arah kawasan persampelan, menyebabkan peningkatan kandungan 210Pb di dalam sedimen. Proses hidrologi yang dikawal melalui perbezaan temporal turut mempengaruhi proses fizikal dan secara tidak langsung, mempengaruhi proses sedimentasi. Proses hidrologi melalui perbezaan temporal yang mempengaruhi proses fizikal dan kemudiannya mempengaruhi kadar proses pemendapan. Memandangkan sistem monsun mempengaruhi daya kitaran hidrologi, mekanisme timbal-balik kesan saiz butiran terhadap 210Pb telah berubah berikutan pengaruh arus monsun bersama dengan lempung sebagai pembawa utama yang menonjol untuk teras sedimen, sekali gus mempunyai kesan serta-merta pada pemendapan sedimen. Di samping itu, inventori dan fluks Lembangan Melayu dan Selat Melaka menunjukkan kesan monsun juga menyumbang kepada perubahan inventori dan fluks 210Pb di Lembangan Melayu dan Selat Melaka apabila daya kitaran hidrologi mengubah keupayaan kesan penggarutan 210Pb di sekitar perantaraan sedimen dan air laut.
Radiochemical separation techniques were applied to measure 210Pb radioactivity in samples to determine spatial distribution of total 210Pb radionuclide in surface sediments and water column for the main waters on the Sunda Shelf. The average 210Pb radioactivity level recorded for the Malacca Strait (MS) is significantly higher than that of the southern South China Sea (sSCS); this is attributed to the supply of input from the Andaman Sea in its northern areas, and massive terrestrial processes from bordering land masses. The results reveal that the decreasing trend of total 210Pb in Peninsular Malaysia’s marine sediment starts with the north maritime zone of Malacca Strait (64.28 ± 5.97 Bq/kg) > south maritime zone of Malacca Strait (50.88 ± 6.15 Bq/kg) > east maritime zone of sSCS (41.01 ± 3.07 Bq/kg) > south maritime zone of sSCS (40.78 ± 3.16 Bq/kg). The Kelantan and Pahang Deltas have been identified as two of the main anthropogenic sources of input for total 210Pb in the sSCS with atmospheric transboundary mobilization affecting total 210Pb in the water column. In the Malacca Strait, however, the distribution of total 210Pb might be influenced mainly by in situ processes of the strait’s seafloor and sources origin of sediment. HIGHLIGHTS The Malacca Strait has a significantly higher level of 210Pb radioactivity compared to the southern South China Sea (sSCS), due to input from the Andaman Sea and terrestrial processes from adjacent land masses The decreasing trend of total 210Pb in Peninsular Malaysia’s marine sediment starts with the north maritime zone of Malacca Strait > south maritime zone of Malacca Strait > east maritime zone of sSCS > south maritime zone of sSCS The Kelantan and Pahang Deltas are identified as two of the main anthropogenic sources of input for total 210Pb in the sSCS, while in the sh Strait, the distribution of total 210Pb may be influenced mainly by in situ processes of the strait’s seafloor and sources origin of sediment GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Radiochemical separation techniques were applied to measure 210Pb radioactivity in the samples to determine spatial distribution of total 210Pb radionuclide in surface sediments and water column for the main waters on the Sunda Shelf. The average 210Pb radioactivity level recorded from the Malacca Strait (MS) is significantly higher than the southern South China Sea (sSCS); this is attributed to the supply of input from the Andaman Sea in its northern areas, and massive terrestrial processes from bordering land masses. The results reveal that the decreasing trend of total 210Pb in Peninsular Malaysia’s marine sediment starts with the north maritime zone of Malacca Strait (64.28 ± 5.97 Bq/kg) > south maritime zone of Malacca Strait (50.88 ± 6.15 Bq/kg) > east maritime zone of sSCS (41.01 ± 3.07 Bq/kg) > south maritime zone of sSCS (40.78 ± 3.16 Bq/kg). The Kelantan and Pahang Deltas have been identified as two of the main anthropogenic sources of input for total 210Pb in the sSCS while atmospheric transboundary mobilization affecting total 210Pb in water column. In the Malacca Strait, however, the distribution of total 210Pb might be influenced mainly by in situ processes of the strait’s seafloor and sources origin of sediment.
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