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Viral infections have recently emerged not only as a health threat to people but rapidly became the cause of universal fatality on a large scale. Nanomaterials comprising functionalized nanoparticles (NPs) and quantum dots and nanotechnology-associated innovative detection methods, vaccine design, and nanodrug production have shown immense promise for interfacing with pathogenic viruses and restricting their entrance into cells. These viruses have been scrutinized using rapid diagnostic detection and therapeutic interventional options against the caused infections including vaccine development for prevention and control. Coronaviruses, namely SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, have endangered human life, and the COVID-19 (caused by SARS-CoV-2) outbreak has become a perilous challenge to public health globally with huge accompanying morbidity rates. Thus, it is imperative to expedite the drug and vaccine development efforts that would help mitigate this pandemic. In this regard, smart and innovative nano-based technologies and approaches encompassing applications of green nanomedicine, bio-inspired methods, multifunctional bioengineered nanomaterials, and biomimetic drug delivery systems/carriers can help resolve the critical issues regarding detection, prevention, and treatment of viral infections. This perspective review expounds recent nanoscience advancements for the detection and treatment of viral infections with focus on coronaviruses and encompasses nano-based formulations and delivery platforms, nanovaccines, and promising methods for clinical diagnosis, especially regarding SARS-CoV-2.

Palladium (Pd) has been the key element for several C−C bond-forming reactions, especially the Nobel-acclaimed Suzuki, Heck, and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions, among others. This review article describes recent efforts toward the synthetic strategies, characterization, and development of various nanostructured material supports for adorning Pd nanoparticles and their sustainable use in catalyzing at least one of the three aforementioned transformations. Recent advances are highlighted for assorted nanostructured materials-supported Pd nanocatalysts; designed nanostructures possessing engineered morphologies, magnetic Pd nanocomposites, polymers, metal−organic frameworks, and hybrid nanostructured catalysts are described for diverse Pd nanocatalysts. Selected examples expounding the concepts and rationale behind the reactivity enhancement and the reusability of the nanostructured Pd catalysts are presented via control of the structure, composition, and intrinsic nature of the introduced supports. Heterogeneous cross−coupling catalysis, a necessary tool in everyday chemical transformations, is illustrated, implicating eminent functions presented by the structural properties of the supports, associated pros and cons, their recyclability, and the efficiency.

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A coupling is one of the few transition-metal catalyzed carbon-carbon bond forming reactions that have been established as a most direct, efficient and atom-economical synthetic approach to afford propargylamine derivatives using various catalysts. A large number of nanosized heterogeneous catalysts for three-component coupling reactions between an aldehyde, an amine, and a terminal alkyne have been popularly introduced as an A coupling in the last decade. The coupling product has found a broad application as a key intermediate for a variety of heterocyclic useful compounds and numerous biologically active molecules such as β-lactams, conformationally restricted peptides, isosteres, herbicides, fungicides, indolizines, pyrroles, quinolines and therapeutic drug molecules. This review aims to give an overview of the current progress made towards the preparation and application of various nanocatalysts-catalyzed A coupling transformations for the synthesis of propargylamines from 2007 to 2017. Several nanocatalysts based on metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) such as copper, gold, silver, iron, nickel, cobalt and zinc have successfully been employed in A coupling reactions. Besides, core-shells NPs, polymers, complexes, graphenes, metal-organic frameworks and ionic liquids have also been used in these reactions. Abundant examples have been given in this area. Different aspects of the reactions, disparate methods of preparation of nanocatalysts, characterization and their reusability have been perused.

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N-Formylation of amines or nitroarenes in water, polyethylene glycol, and ionic liquids, as well as under solvent-free conditions, is summarized.