-This paper offers a gender approach to the impact of male migration from Morocco to Europe on women left behind. The pertinence of the topic stems from the fact that very few studies have been conducted on the subject. It is believed that such studies will help in the understanding of the the phenomenon of migration and help to find solutions for some of the problems it poses. More and more Moroccan women suffer as a result of the migration of their husbands, sons, fathers, etc. Their suffering is not only due to separation from the loved ones but also to the dire economic and social conditions that a heavily patriarchal context does not help to alleviate. Key words : Effects of immigration upon sending countries, Moroccan women, genderResumo -IMPACTES DA IMIGRAÇÃO MASCULINA DE MARROCOS PARA A EUROPA NAS MULHERES QUE FICAM: UMA ABORDAGEM DE GÉNERO. Este artigo efectua uma abordagem de género à questão do impacte da emigração masculina de Marrocos para a Europa sobre as mulheres que permanecem no país de origem. A pertinência desta questão resulta directamente da escassez de estudos sobre o tema. Considera-se que tais estudos poderão contribuir para a compreensão do fenómeno das migrações e ajudar a conceber soluções adequadas para alguns dos problemas por elas suscitados. São cada vez mais as mulheres marroquinas que sofrem em resultado da emigração dos seus maridos, pais, filhos, etc. Esse sofrimento deve-se não só à separação dos seus entes queridos, como também às duras condições económicas e sociais em que se encontram -e que um contexto acentuadamente patriarcal não contribui para atenuar.Palavras-chave : Efeitos de imigração nos países de origem, mulheres marroquinas, género.

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The Moroccan feminist movement has greatly feminized and democratized the public sphere in this country. An example of such a feminization is the recent 2004 Family Law reforms, which constitute the culmination of a long trajectory during which decisionmakers, political parties, and other public actors made important contributions that led to the reforms. Admittedly, the feminist movement is not the sole actor behind the new and spectacular legal reforms, but this movement acted as the major pooling force behind it. This force is attested in triggering unprecedented public debates that preceded, accompanied, and followed the new Family Law; these debates involved practically all public actors ranging from social, to economic, religious, and political actors and, along with the Family Law, shows that women’s feminist ideas and associations were inserting themselves in the public sphere, changing the terms of participation in this sphere, and making women and gender issues a matter of national dialogue and contention for the first time in Morocco’s history.

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This article reports findings from fieldwork and analyses the impact of mobile technologies and social media on increasing migration flows in Morocco, particularly in the city of Fès. The role of smartphones as a means to support the use of maps, global positioning apps and the use of social media like Facebook and WhatsApp have become essential tools for refugees and undocumented migrants. This article focuses on these logistical aspects, intended as constantly changing adaptations between life-forms and interactions with the social, political and economic conditions to which migrants are exposed. Logistics is understood as the nexus between migrants and these various logistical tools, influencing their mobility and identities, as well as modifying the organisation of communities and cities (of provenance, transit and destination).

This article analyzes the intersection of gender, women's activism, and political participation in Morocco in a socio-political approach. The emergence of women's activism is an answer to the gender-based discrimination in the country. Women's non-government organizations (NGOs) struggle for women's rights and participate actively in the feminization and democratization of the public sphere to ensure sustainable development. They create progressive social change through the mobilization and participation of women. The role of women's NGO's (liberal and Islamic alike) in the struggle against gender inequalities is remarkable in regard of their efforts to consolidate democracy and social justice and to challenge traditional thinking and inequitable, oppressive, undemocratic, sexist practices of governance. Despite the different approaches, they act together to achieve women's rights in a variety of places.

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