A large proportion of the media around the world, especially those related to radio and television, belong to the state. In principle at least, there are three different terms to talk about these types of media: (1). The public media that draws on the treasury to present programming that is in the interest of the general population. They do not support any political party, not even the party in power. (2). National media owned by the state and using the treasury money, are also controlled directly by the state. (3). Government media that is owned by the ruling party and uses the treasury money, are also controlled by the ruling party. These three models coexist already in the Arab world since independence. This phenomenon almost removed the clear distinction that existed in principle between the government media and the public media. After the Arab Spring in 2011, however, this distinction remains important. The public broadcaster model was based on a principle that is still justified for most of the world and that the private media alone can not guarantee the pluralism of broadcasting. The problem, however, is that the government media have also largely failed. In several countries, the arrival of private media has pushed governments to exercise editorial control of the public media. The discussion of media regulation is aimed primarily at ensuring that the media financed by the Public treasury exercise their profession with the full independence of the government of the day to which they are entitled, rather than aiming to restrict the freedom of the media that already enjoy full editorial independence. In the Arab world, there have been some attempts to recover and modernize the ideal model of public media, as for example the case of Tunisia, Morocco and Jordan. This study aim to search if the Arab broadcasting meet the recognized standards and the requirements of the concept of public service?Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 5, Issue-3: 98-112
This article examines the relationship between fake news and social media as increasingly important sources of news, at a time when mainstream media no longer have exclusive control over news production and dissemination. It has been evident that few media outlets and professionals tend to draw conflicting news about COVID-19 from social media feeds, which are largely produced by common citizens with mostly no journalism training. This pervasive use makes social media key sources to scores of media outlets for news, whether it is related to COVID-19 or public affairs issues, even though it is susceptible to torrents of credibility and accuracy issues. As a result, of the overwhelming spread of fake news on coronavirus, which is contributing to framing events from several angles, media professionals are now obliged to track and vet information circulating on social media. Due to the scale of disinformation spreading on the Web, it has become imperative that the credibility and accuracy of news is thoroughly verified. Media organizations have already been putting in place various mechanisms to monitor false news. This article will attempt to identify and assess these monitoring efforts in the Arab world. For this purpose, I have put together a list of Arab observatories launched on the internet in order to monitor fake news circulating in relation to COVID-19, and to discuss their methods of monitoring work, in the context of mobilization carried out by governments and many organizations such as the World Health Organization. This article is pinned down on social responsibility approach which helps pave the way the different propositions to combat fake news and avoid abuses in social media uses. This article proposes an evaluation of the monitoring initiative via-a-vis fake news and proposes a set of guidelines for improving the work of such monitoring bodies. Hence, this research reveals that social media outlets have diversified their goals to match the power of the conventional media in disseminating information and bringing up issues for debate. However, in the light of the framework of social responsibility, social media actors have to constantly develop a set of ethical practices to be observed by users, establish codes of conduct regulating content production, and lay down a code of integrity to assure accuracy in news and information transmission.
The popularity of social networking platforms has increased dramatically in recent years, impacting how people communicate, exchange ideas and exert influence on others. These platforms have provided new opportunities for people to connect and engage with each other, ultimately reshaping their sense of belonging and constructing their identity. The current study focuses on how Qatari youth use social media networks as a tool for identity interaction. By examining the motives for, perceptions about and impacts of social media usage, this study provides insights into how the Qatari youth use these platforms. The research employed a quantitative method, collecting data via an online survey administered through Google Forms. A total of 532 Qatari youth responded to the study. This study’s findings illustrate that most youth use social networks frequently, with half stating that they are always connected. In addition, over 40 per cent report subscribing to one to five groups on social networks. The primary motivation for joining these groups is to engage in discussion about social and political issues as well as to stay up-to-date on the news about their community. According to this study, the most popular social media platform among Qatari youth is Instagram, followed by WhatsApp and Twitter. People use these platforms for different reasons, but many find them to be helpful in staying connected with friends and family, sharing news and experiences and staying up-to-date on current events. Moreover, nearly half of the youth who took part in this study claimed that social media had contributed to creating role models in society. This indicates that social media may play a significant role in shaping young people’s identity and their sense of belonging. A significant number of respondents reported that social media role models influenced their personal choices such as dress, perfumes, language and fashion. This suggests that social media play an unmissable part in shaping individuals’ personal preferences and their cultural identities.
L’inventio, la dispositio, l’elocutio, l’actio et la memoria représentent, dans la culture de la Grèce antique, les cinq composantes de l’art de bien parler qu’est la rhétorique. Or, si le « contexte de l’Athènes classique favorisait la prise de parole publique et l’art de la persuasion, [...] la maîtrise de l’éloquence est devenue rapidement “un enjeu de pouvoir”, tandis que la rhétorique envisagée comme pensée autour du discours et sa pratique est née en même temps que la démocratie » (« Rhétorique », Wikipédia). Mais si les Athéniens prenaient part à la vie politique de leur cité en assistant aux réunions de « l’Assemblée », à l’ère moderne, toute communication est aisément relayée via les médias et les divers moyens de communication. C’est alors que la réflexion sur la prise de parole publique dépasse l’art de la rhétorique pour concerner tout autant les sciences du langage, dont la sémiotique, que les sciences de l’information et de la communication. Se faisant donc échos et s’interrogeant mutuellement, il semble aujourd’hui indispensable d’associer ces domaines dans l’étude du discours, notamment politique. Ainsi, c’est dans cette perspective d’étude que notre présent travail, – qui consiste à développer de manière synthétique une analyse du discours politique de différents candidats à la présidentielle 2019 en Tunisie –, s’inscrira dans une problématique de l’interdisciplinarité où le rapport entre sémiotique, analyse du discours et communication est bien tangible.
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