En este trabajo se presenta un análisis y modelado de espectros de impedancia eléctrica aplicados al estudio de datos experimentales de tejido sanguíneo y sus principales componentes: glóbulos rojos, blancos y plasma. Usando la teoría de circuitos eléctricos se obtienen las funciones de transferencia y la representación gráfica de Bode y Nyquist. Se puede ver en este trabajo el potencial de la técnica experimental para diferenciar los elementos que forman al tejido sanguíneo, así como la utilidad de desarrollar modelos precisos para su análisis.
En este trabajo se presentan los resultados obtenidos de la aplicación de Campos Magnéticos (CM) tanto pulsados (CMP) como estáticos (CME) en la morfología de osteoblastos humanos. El efecto de dichos campos ha sido medido por medio del análisis de la estructura de la β-tubulina, la cual es una proteína que forma parte del citoesqueleto celular. El campo magnético aplicado fue de 0.65 mT en el caso del CMP y de 0.5 mT en el caso del CME. La aplicación de los CM provoca alteración en el patrón de distribución normal de las redes de microtúbulos, dando lugar a la formación de agregados fluorescentes en la región cortical de la membrana celular. Las observaciones obtenidas con respecto a loscambios morfológicos de los osteoblastos, indican claramente que éstos son sensibles a la estimulación con CM, alterando su actividad celular a través de cambios en la estructuradel citoesqueleto celular.
Purpose:
To implement a back‐projection algorithm for 2D dose reconstructions for in vivo dosimetry in radiation therapy using an Electronic Portal Imaging Device (EPID) based on amorphous silicon.
Methods:
An EPID system was used to calculate dose‐response function, pixel sensitivity map, exponential scatter kernels and beam hardenig correction for the back‐projection algorithm. All measurements were done with a 6 MV beam. A 2D dose reconstruction for an irradiated water phantom (30×30×30 cm3) was done to verify the algorithm implementation. Gamma index evaluation between the 2D reconstructed dose and the calculated with a treatment planning system (TPS) was done.
Results:
A linear fit was found for the dose‐response function. The pixel sensitivity map has a radial symmetry and was calculated with a profile of the pixel sensitivity variation. The parameters for the scatter kernels were determined only for a 6 MV beam. The primary dose was estimated applying the scatter kernel within EPID and scatter kernel within the patient. The beam hardening coefficient is σBH= 3.788×10−4 cm2 and the effective linear attenuation coefficient is µAC= 0.06084 cm−1. The 95% of points evaluated had γ values not longer than the unity, with gamma criteria of ΔD = 3% and Δd = 3 mm, and within the 50% isodose surface.
Conclusion:
The use of EPID systems proved to be a fast tool for in vivo dosimetry, but the implementation is more complex that the elaborated for pre‐treatment dose verification, therefore, a simplest method must be investigated. The accuracy of this method should be improved modifying the algorithm in order to compare lower isodose curves.
In this work, a novel approach based on differences of intensities is presented for vascular structures identification in MRI studies such as the time of flight method (TOF). The plating method states that given the high intensities belonging to the vascular system, TOF images can be segmented by thresholding of the histogram. The enhancement of vascular structures is performed by applying a Vesselness filter, and upon completion of a decision based on fuzzy thresholding the error is minimized in the selection of vascular structures. A brief introduction to vascular system problems and how images have helped diagnosis is summarized as well as the history of the different imaging modalities and the evolution of digital images with computers. Segmentation and 3-D reconstruction became image type time of flight; these images are typically used in medical diagnosis of cerebrovascular diseases. The proposed method has less error in segmentation and reconstruction of volumes related to the vascular system, represented in clearer images and less noise compared to edge detection methods.
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