Benzyl benzoate and crotepoxide are the major components of Kaempferia rotunda L. rhizome. However, the bioactivity study of benzyl benzoate and crotepoxide as the antibacterial activity were still limited. Therefore, the antibacterial activity of benzyl benzoate and crotepoxide against four pathogenic bacteria, i.e., Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Enterococcus aerogenes ATCC 13048, Bacillus cereus ATCC 6538 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 11778 were investigated. The isolation steps were include the extraction by maceration with acetone, then the acetone extract was partitioned with n-hexane:methanol (1:1) and ethyl acetate:water (1:1) respectively. The isolation by liquid vacuum chromatography followed by column chromatography was obtained benzyl benzoate from the n-hexane fraction and crotepoxide from ethyl acetate fraction. The molecular structure of isolated compounds was identified based on NMR (1D and 2D) spectroscopic data. The antibacterial activity assay of isolated compounds was carried out using the disc diffusion method. The antibacterial evaluation confirms that the benzyl benzoate and crotepoxide exhibits a medium level activity. Benzyl benzoate showed highest antibacterial activity against B. cereus at the MIC of 50 μg/mL and inhibitory zone of 5.9 mm, while the crotepoxide showed highest antibacterial activity against E. aerogenes at the MIC of 100 μg/mL with inhibitory zone 6.1 mm.
Leukemia drug discovery based on calanone compound was conducted in previous research and produced 6 calanone derivatives. Most of them have lower activities against leukemia cell L1210 than pure calanone. A Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) analysis is conducted in this work to find more active calanone derivatives. Six compounds were used as the material of the research because they already have anti-leukemia activity data expressed in Inhibitory Concentration of Fifty Percent Cell Lethal (IC50, in mg/mL). Calculation of predictors was performed by AM1 semiempirical method. QSAR equation is determined using Principle Component Regression (PCR) analysis, with Log IC50 as dependent variable. Independent variables (predictors) are atomic net charges, dipole moment (m), and coefficient partition of n-octanol/water (Log P). This work recommends 3 novel designs of calanone derivatives that may have higher activities (in mg/mL) than those already available, i.e. gemdiol calanone (57.78), 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone calanone (30.94) and 2,4,6-trinitrophenylhydrazone calanone (18.96).
The non-edible oil from nyamplung seed (Callophyllum inophylum L.) has been widely used as a soap ingredient. The soap production from nyamplung seed oil with the addition of antioxidant and fragrance had been carried out in this research. Ketapang (Terminalia catappa L) fruit extract and Cardamom (Amomum compactum) were used as antioxidant and fragrance substances, respectively. The variation of concentration of antioxidant and fragrance has been carried out to obtain the high quality of soap. Characterization was done to know the quality of soap in accordance with SNI 06-4085-1996. The antioxidant activity was analyzed using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl). The results showed that the addition of 1% ketapang fruit extract and 3% cardamom fragrance exhibited the best characteristics. The antioxidant activity test showed that the IC50 value of the best antioxidant soap is 79.51 ppm, indicating that the soap is a strong category
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