Infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) occurs mainly in West Africa, but an increasing number of cases have been recognized in Europe, India, and the United States. In this era of global integration, clinicians must be aware of when to consider the diagnosis of HIV-2 infection and how to test for this virus. Although there is debate regarding when therapy should be initiated and which regimen should be chosen, recent trials have provided important information on treatment options for HIV-2 infection. In this review, we present information on recent clinical advances in our understanding of HIV-2 infection and highlight remaining diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.

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Purpose of Study: Older adults frequently choose not to accept recommended social support services (e.g., caregiver and home therapy). Social workers/case managers (SWs/CMs) are often caught in the conflict encouraging patients to accept services, but facing resistance. As a result, older adults may experience unsafe home scenarios and hospital discharges. This research sought to examine whether business school negotiation and dispute resolution (NDR) training could ease these conflicts and potentially improve outcomes for both older adults and SWs/CMs. Practice Settings: Urban health care system (pilot), national case management conference (implementation). Methodology and Sample: Researchers tailored the NDR training, offered at graduate business schools, for SWs/CMs. Researchers then pilot tested the NDR training at an urban hospital and implemented it with a national cohort of SWs/CMs at a national case management conference. Participants completed a survey that ascertained conflicts, utility of the NDR program, real-world applicability, and future directions. Results: Eighty-five SW/CM participants, from 22 states, completed the NDR training and survey. Participants reported experiencing conflicts frequently in their workday. Post-NDR training, respondents were very positive about the knowledge gained from the course, specifically noting themes of learning the negotiation basics, tactics (e.g., framing), and integrative strategies (e.g., win-win/expanding to multi-issue discussions). All participants planned to use the NDR skills in the future. Implications for Case Management Practice: The NDR training program can provide SWs/CMs with formal strategies to facilitate older adults' acceptance of social services while balancing patient autonomy. Learning negotiating techniques can be “win-win” for both older adults' home safety and case manager well-being.

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