Emission of fine particles by mobile sources has been a matter of great concern due to its potential risk both to human health and the environment. Although there is no evidence that one sole component may be responsible for the adverse health outcomes, it is postulated that the metal particle content is one of the most important factors, mainly in relation to oxidative stress. Data concerning the amount and type of metal particles emitted by automotive vehicles using Brazilian fuels are limited. The aim of this study was to identify inhalable particles (PM(10)) and their trace metal content in two light-duty vehicles where one was fueled with ethanol while the other was fueled with gasoline mixed with 22% of anhydrous ethanol (gasohol); these engines were tested on a chassis dynamometer. The elementary composition of the samples was evaluated by the particle-induced x-ray emission technique. The experiment showed that total emission factors ranged from 2.5 to 11.8 mg/km in the gasohol vehicle, and from 1.2 to 3 mg/km in the ethanol vehicle. The majority of particles emitted were in the fine fraction (PM(2.5)), in which Al, Si, Ca, and Fe corresponded to 80% of the total weight. PM(10) emissions from the ethanol vehicle were about threefold lower than those of gasohol. The elevated amount of fine particulate matter is an aggravating factor, considering that these particles, and consequently associated metals, readily penetrate deeply into the respiratory tract, producing damage to lungs and other tissues.
Introduction. The presence of fine metal particles in the urban atmosphere is a big concern considering that a significant accumulation of these elements has been registered during the last decades. Information about metal level in the tailpipe is scarce and specific Brazilian emission references are basically inexistent. Objective. Experimentally characterize fine and coarse PM 10 particles and their metal constituents in the combustion exhaust of Otto and Diesel vehicles. Methods. Two Otto vehicles were essayed on a chassis dynamometer following a standard driving cycle using a sampling system in accordance with the NBR 6601 (2005); and two Diesel vehicles were essayed both in free acceleration tests according to the NBR 13037 (2001) standard and at idle rpm. The particles with diameter ≤10 µm were separated in the fine and coarse fractions by impaction in polycarbonate filters, and their elementary compositions were determined by X-ray spectrometry (PIXE). Results. The diesel vehicles presented a PM 10 particle average emission of 0,0207 g/m 3 , whereas the gasoline vehicle presented 0,411 mg/m 3 and the ethanol vehicle presented an average emission of 0,142 mg/m 3. The main metals identified in the emissions were Al, Si, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pt and Pb, with some variations in function of both the type of fuel and vehicle essayed. The average concentration of the fine fraction corresponded to more than 60% of the total concentration of PM 10 in the vehicle exhaust. Conclusion. The diesel vehicles are the highest particulate emitters, followed by the gasoline vehicles and ethanol vehicles in this order. The evaluation of the sampled particles alerts for the fact that for all of the three types of vehicles the major part of the particle emitted is in the fine fraction of particle size range. Considering that the metals identified by the analyses can penetrate in the human organism by adhering to fine particles. It is a fact that some metallic compounds in addition to presenting carcinogenic effects are also powerful allergen and sensitizer, it should be emphasized the need of in use vehicle emission control as a means of voiding harms to the population health.
Silva, M. F. Photochemical reactivity of the atmosphere of Cubatão and the influence of exogenous pollutants: 2013 [Thesis-Faculdade de Saúde Pública da USP]. Objective. Demonstrate that critical episode occurrences of air pollution are influenced by external input of pollutants that participate in the processes of atmospheric photochemical reagent formation and removal. Methods. The study involved meteorological data collection and processing of pollutant concentration data gathered by the air quality monitoring network. Campaigns of passive sampling of O 3 and active sampling of VOCs, aldehydes and ethanol in the atmosphere of the region were also performed. The O 3 sampling was conducted with the Ogawa ® type samplers and the concentrations were determined by ion chromatography with electrical conductivity detector. VOCs sampling was performed using steel tubes containing Tenax GR adsorbent, and quantification was done by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Aldehyde sampling was performed with silica gel cartridges coated with 2,4 DNPH and quantification done by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet detector (UV / VIS). Ethanol sampling was performed with florisil coated cartridges and quantification by flame ionization detector. The transport of air masses was analyzed based on Backward trajectories calculated by the model STILT. Interpretation of the data was performed using descriptive statistics, box plots, correlation analysis and multivariate analysis (clusters).
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