Background Many studies have predicted major depressive disorder (MDD) as the leading cause of global health by 2030 due to its high prevalence, disability, and illness. However, the actual pathophysiological mechanism behind depression is unknown. Scientists consider alterations in cytokines might be tools for understanding the pathogenesis and treatment of MDD. Several past studies on several inflammatory cytokine expressions in MDD reveal that an inflammatory process is activated, although the precise causes of that changes in cytokine levels are unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate resistin and G-CSF in MDD patients and controls to explore their role in the pathogenesis and development of depression. Methods We included 220 participants in this study. Among them, 108 MDD patients and 112 age-sex matched healthy control (HCs). We used DSM-5 to evaluate study participants. Also, we applied the Ham-D rating scale to assess the severity of patients. Serum resistin and G-CSF levels were measured using ELISA kits (BosterBio, USA). Results The present study observed increased serum resistin levels in MDD patients compared to HCs (13.82 ± 1.24ng/mL and 6.35 ± 0.51ng/mL, p <0.001). However, we did not find such changes for serum G-CSF levels between the groups. Ham-D scores showed a significant correlation with serum resistin levels but not G-CSF levels in the patient group. Furthermore, ROC analysis showed a fairly predictive performance of serum resistin levels in major depression (AUC = 0.746). Conclusion The present study findings suggest higher serum resistin levels are associated with the pathophysiology of MDD. This elevated serum resistin level may serve as an early risk assessment indicator for MDD. However, the role of serum G-CSF in the development of MDD is still unclear despite its neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects.
Background and Aims Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the fourth biggest health‐related concern that dramatically impacts individuals' mental and physical health. Alteration of serum proinflammatory cytokine levels may take part in the development and progression of MDD. We aimed to explore and compare the role of interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) in MDD patients and healthy controls (HCs) and its involvement with the disease severity. Methods The present study included 85 patients and 87 age‐sex matched HCs. A qualified psychiatrist utilized the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition (DSM‐5) criteria to diagnose patients and evaluate HCs. We applied the Ham‐D rating scale to measure the severity of depression. Serum IL‐12 levels were measured using ELISA kits. Results We observed a notable increase in the serum levels of IL‐12 in MDD patients compared to HCs (164.27 ± 10.18 pg/ml and 82.55 ± 4.40 pg/ml; p < 0.001). Moreover, we noticed a positive correlation between serum IL‐12 levels and Ham‐D scores in MDD patients ( r = 0.363; p = 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed a good predictive performance (AUC = 0.871; p < 0.001) at the cut‐off point of 53.46 pg/ml for serum IL‐12. Conclusion The current study findings support that IL‐12 levels are involved with the pathogenesis and inflammatory process in MDD. At the same time, this involvement may make this cytokine eligible for the risk evaluation of MDD. However, we recommend further interventional studies to explore more accurate associations between IL‐12 and depressive disorder.
The number of people suffering from mental illnesses has increased across the world. [1][2][3][4][5] Mental health has become an important issue than ever during the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic. [6][7][8][9] The pandemic has tremendously affected the health and life of people across the world. The prevalence of anxiety and depression has increased by 25% due to the Covid-19 pandemic worldwide. 10 The European Union (EU) countries reported mental disorders ranging from 16.1% to 54.8% since the beginning of the ongoing Factors associated with the poor mental health of people in 26 European countries were female sex, scarcity of healthcare services, financial crisis, and job loss during the Moreover, a meta-analysis reported that both sexes have similar infection rates; however, the increased severity and mortality due to Covid-19 were associated with the male sex. 12 Another metaanalysis showed that people aged 70 years or more have a higher risk of infection, a higher risk of developing severe symptoms, a higher need for intensive care support, and a higher risk of mortality than individuals under 70. 13 As a developing country in South East Asia, many people in Bangladesh have lost their jobs and income sources during the Covid-19 pandemic. Unemployment and poverty have increased throughout the country due to pandemic effects. 14 Also, additional fear of getting infected, death of close relatives and family members, and altered lifestyle to manage the pandemic crisis severely impacted the mental health of people across the globe. [15][16][17][18][19][20] We reported in our previous study that the prevalence of different mental disorders ranged from 38% to 73% among the general population in Bangladesh during the Covid-19 pandemic. 1,2 We anticipate that the actual prevalence and gravity of mental disorders are more serious than the reported results. Over the past few decades, the healthcare system across the world has improved to ensure better medical care for people. Medical care is now more selfdirected, information is now more accessible, and health-driving factors are now a top priority for global authorities. 21 | THE PRESENT SITUATION OF MENTAL DISORDERS AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES IN BANGLADESHBangladesh is a densely populated lower-middle-income country in Southeast Asia. 22 A door-to-door prevalence survey reported that 18.7% of adults and 12.6% of children met the criteria of mental disorders in Bangladesh. At least 30 million people in Bangladesh have mental disorders. 23 Therefore, primary, secondary, and tertiary level mental health services (MHS) are essential in Bangladesh. But the country does not have a structured mental healthcare system. In Bangladesh, mental health professionals (MHP) include psychiatrists, nurses, clinical psychologists, and counseling psychologists. 24
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