It has been documented that if we see a scene from between our own legs, it appears brighter and more distinct. We determined factors that are critical to these changes and elucidated how they are related to visual disorder that is contingent on bending the head. In Experiment 1, upright scene pictures were viewed with the head inverted. In Experiments 2 and 3, the 180°rotated versions of the same pictures were seen with the head inverted and upright, respectively. In Experiment 4, geometric patterns were seen with the head inverted. In Experiment 5, apparent depth and organization of scene pictures were judged under combinations of retinal-image and head orientations. The first results demonstrated that the scene pictures, when seen with the head inverted, had a 9.8% increase in brightness and a 6.8% increase in image definition as compared to normal upright viewing, but these changes did not arise for geometric patterns. Second, these changes were mainly ascribed to a proprioceptive change of the head. Third, by inverting only the head or the retinal image, visual structure of pictures was disturbed but the visual disorder did not always change brightness and image definition. These findings are discussed.
e present study examined the word length e ects in order reconstruction tasks conducted immediately a er presentation of a 6-word list and 14 seconds later. e results indicated that reconstruction was more accurate for short words than for long words in the immediate condition, whereas no word length e ect was found in the delay condition. ese results suggest that the phonological representations in order memory decayed in the delay condition. ese ndings are discussed in terms of a functional distinction between short-term and long-term memory systems.
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