Background: Surgical mortality data are collected routinely in high-income countries, yet virtually no low-or middle-income countries have outcome surveillance in place. The aim was prospectively to collect worldwide mortality data following emergency abdominal surgery, comparing findings across countries with a low, middle or high Human Development Index (HDI).Methods: This was a prospective, multicentre, cohort study. Self-selected hospitals performing emergency surgery submitted prespecified data for consecutive patients from at least one 2-week interval during July to December 2014. Postoperative mortality was analysed by hierarchical multivariable logistic regression.
Stimulation of the pharynx by injection of minute amounts of water induces prolonged period of lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) relaxation and augmentation of the crural diaphragm (CD) contraction. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of stimulating mechano-receptors at the laryngopharynx on the LOS and CD by using an air pulse stimulation device. Air pulses were delivered via the internal channel of a flexible endoscope. Oesophageal, LOS, and CD pressures; CD electromyogram; and oesophageal pH 5 cm above the LOS were recorded in nine healthy subjects. Stimulation of the laryngopharynx induced LOS relaxation in the absence of swallow and oesophageal peristalsis. The stimulation of epiglottis and arytenoid produced higher incidence of LOS relaxation compared to the base of tongue. The magnitude of LOS relaxation differed significantly between the three anatomical sites, with greater relaxation occurring at the epiglottis and arytenoid compared with the base of the tongue. None of the LOS relaxations induced by laryngeal stimulation resulted in inhibition of the CD or gastroesophageal reflux. We conclude that stimulation of the laryngopharyngeal mechanoreceptors induces LOS but not CD relaxation. The LOS relaxation induced by laryngopharyngeal stimulation is not accompanied by acid reflux in fasting state.
Modified lateral cutaneous ureterostomy provides relatively straighter and shorter retroperitoneal course of ureter with acceptable morbidity and avoids use of bowel in selected patients.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.