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Despite the challenges in identifying earthquake precursors in intraplate (inland) earthquakes, various hydrological and geochemical measurements have been conducted to establish a possible link to seismic activities. Anomalous increases in radon (222Rn) concentration in soil, groundwater, and atmosphere have been reported prior to large earthquakes. Although the radon concentration in the atmosphere is lower than that in groundwater and soils, a recent statistical analysis has suggested that the average atmospheric concentration over a relatively wide area reflects crustal deformation. However, no study has sought to determine the underlying physico-chemical relationships between crustal deformation and anomalous atmospheric radon concentrations. Here, we show a significant decrease in the atmospheric radon concentration temporally linked to the seismic quiescence before the 2018 Northern Osaka earthquake occurring at a hidden fault with complex rupture dynamics. During seismic quiescence, deep-seated sedimentary layers in Osaka Basin, which might be the main sources of radon, become less damaged and fractured. The reduction in damage leads to a decrease in radon exhalation to the atmosphere near the fault, causing the preseismic radon decrease in the atmosphere. Herein, we highlight the necessity of continuous monitoring of the atmospheric radon concentration, combined with statistical anomaly detection method, to evaluate future seismic risks.

In the northeastern (NE) Japan arc, active faults have a characteristic effect upon the short-wavelength Bouguer anomaly (SWBA). Here, we create a SWBA map based on the Fourier analysis of the latest gravity dataset and evaluate the relationship between the SWBA and active faults in the arc. Ultimately, we found that active faults are associated with negative regions or grooves in the SWBA and that the SWBA does not clearly depend on underlying geology in the arc. Accumulated volumetric strain caused by faulting in the crust over the past 3 Ma of geological time has generated these negative gravity anomalies, estimated at around -10 mGal at a maximum.Strain concentration zones can have negative zones of gravity anomaly affecting the patterns of the SWBA throughout in the arc, and the SWBA reflects the amount of crustal deformation with the curvature.

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The physical meaning and mathematical meaning of nonmetricity on Weyl manifold and the application of dual affine connection for it are discussed. In viewpoint from affine connection, Weyl 1-form in Weyl manifold is recognized as nonmetricity and causes scale change with conformal invariance under parallel transport. On manifolds expressing spacetime and material space, Weyl 1-form is equivalent to the extra coupling field to field expressed as Riemannian manifold, protruding from Riemannian manifold. The scale change with conformal invariance corresponds to the similar change in the magnitude of the field with the volumetric distortion of each manifold. Weyl 1-form is the change rate of volume element (scale) in Riemannian manifold. Therefore, nonmetricity in Weyl manifold is defined as expansion or contraction rate as similar volumetric distortion due to the extra coupled field. The volumetric distortion as nonmetricity on Riemannian manifold can be canceled out by setting dual affine connection on Riemann–Cartan–Weyl manifold, which is used in statistical manifold. Moreover, the role of nonmetricity in modified gravity theory in the framework of symmetric teleparallel manifold and the meaning of nonmetricity on statistical manifold are discussed based on this concept.