Nanocrystalline Zn1−xCoxO (where x varies from 0 to 0.04 in steps of 0.01) thin films were deposited onto glass substrate by the spray pyrolysis technique at a substrate temperature of 350 °C. The X-ray diffraction patterns confirm the formation of hexagonal wurtzite structure. The crystal grain size of these films was found to be in the range of 11−36 nm. The scanning electron micrographs show a highly crystalline nanostructure with different morphologies including rope-like morphology for undoped ZnO and nanowalls and semispherical morphology for Co-doped ZnO. The transmittance increases with increasing Co doping. The optical absorption edge is observed in the transmittance spectra from 530 to 692 nm, which is due to the Co2+ absorption bands corresponding to intraionic d-d* shifts. The direct and indirect optical band gap energies decrease from 3.05 to 2.75 eV and 3.18 to 3.00 eV, respectively for 4 mol% Co doping. The electrical conductivity increases with increasing both the Co doping and temperature, indicating the semiconducting nature of these films. The temperature dependence thermal electromotive force measurement indicates that both undoped and Co-doped ZnO thin films show p-type semiconducting behavior near room temperature. This behavior dies out beyond 313 K and they become n-type semiconductors.
The formation of local moments and the effect of charge carriers in dilute magnetic semiconductors can be well understood using local probe techniques like Mossbauer Spectroscopy. We report here on Mossbauer studies in the systems Fe 0.008 Ge 1jx D x (D = As, Bi), Fe 0.008 Ge 1jx In x , and Fe 0.008 Ge 1 j x Sn x . At room temperature magnetic interactions were observed for donor (D) impurities at the Fe site in the Fe 0.008 Ge system. No such magnetic ordering was observed for acceptor (In) or neutral (Sn) impurities.
High-energy MeV ions from accelerators are known to produce drastic modifications in polymers. The typical effects include chain scissions, crosslinks, molecular emission and double bond formation. Poly(methyl methacrylate) was doped with Fe(III) and irradiated with 95 MeV O 7+ ions. 57 Fe-Mössbauer studies were done on the doped samples before and after irradiation. Before irradiation, no Mössbauer absorption was observed. The irradiated samples showed a good Mössbauer absorption, which seems to indicate that there is a significant interaction between the metal ion and the polymer matrix. Two possibilities exist at these doses (~ 22 × 10 12 ions/cm): Fe(III) ions may be bridging the various polymer segments through crosslinking or amorphization of the sample leading to Fe-C bonding. Studies of FTIR, conductivity and glass transition temperatures on these samples support these observations.
A dilute quantity of Fe (0.008) was doped into V-VI (Sb1−xSex) for X=0 to 0.50 alloys based on Sb semimetal. Hall measurements showed that the materials were n-type semiconductors for X=0.01 to 0.10 and the charge carrier densities increased from 4.2×1019cm−3 to 1.142×1021cm−3 in this region. For higher concentration of Se (X=0.50), the charge carrier densities decreased dramatically to 2.1×1015. For X=0, Fe showed no magnetic moment. For X=0.01 to 0.1 two magnetic sites (A and B) were observed at room temperature by Mossbauer measurement. Site A appears to be an SeFeSb, type ternary alloy. p-d interaction and carrier-induced polarization seem to be responsible for the magnetic interaction at this site (A). Tc (for Site A) was measured to be ∼573K. Similar behavior was observed for Fe(0.002). Site B Mossbauer parameters coincide with those of Fe7Se8.
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