The foramen magnum is an important landmark in the posterior part of the cranial base, which is largely formed by the occipital bone. The dimensions of the foramen magnum are clinically important because of the vital structures passing through it. We studied thirty six dry human skulls of known sex and measured anteroposterior and transverse diameters with the help of Vernier caliper. Additionally, surface area and Index of foramen magnum were also calculated. Oval shape is the main type of morphological variant found in this study. The transverse diameter of the foramen magnum was in a range of 25.75-34.25mm in males, whereas it was between 26-31.75mm in females. The anteroposterior diameter was in a range of 35 to 39.75mm in males while it was 29.5 to 34.75mm in females. The mean area of foramen magnum in males was 876.88±88.83mm whereas it was 776.87±68.51mm in females. In contrast to the area, the mean foramen magnum index was higher in females (89.01±6.84mm) compared to males (81.75±5.99mm) and this difference was also statistically significant (p<0.01). The prospective study will help surgeon for reference value for determining feasibility of transcondylar surgical approach, which are being done in an increasing trend in recent times for brain stem lesion.
Recently, India reported an increase in swine flu (influenza A H1N1) activity. There are limited studies on epidemiology of swine flu in Indian context. This study aims to analyze clinical and epidemiological profile of suspected swine flu cases in central India. 171 cases were included in a hospital based, observational, descriptive study conducted from December 2014 to April 2015. Demographics, clinical presentation and outcome of positive and negative cases were compared. Data was analyzed using STATA software. Distribution by age, sex and residence was found similar (p [ 0.05) in positive and negative cases. Cough (89%), fever (85%) and throat irritation (51%) were chief complaints (avg. duration = 4.9 days). History of travel, history of contact with swine flu cases (p = 0.002) and history of visiting crowded places (p = 0.098) was reported considerably in higher proportion in positive cases as compared to negative cases. There were 14 deaths and they occurred significantly in younger age among positive cases as compared to negatives (Mean ± SD: 34 ± 2.8 vs 47 ± 8.4 years). Case fatality ratio (CFR) in positive cases showing history of travel, contact with swine flu cases, requiring invasive ventilator support and[3 X-ray zones involvement were significantly higher. Outbreak in later part of winter, high case fatality and younger population is more affected. In this study, swine flu infection and outbreaks started later in the year Hospital stay and CFR were increased. Understanding the swine flu infection, changing clinical presentation of swine flu and formulate new strategies for its prevention and management.
A study of the anatomical variations in the position of the greater palatine foramen in adult human skulls and its clinical significance. Int. J. Morphol., 31(2):578-583, 2013. SUMMARY:Pain is a common distressing symptom in dental practice. Depending upon the cases, different techniques are used to relieve pain. One of these is peripheral trigeminal nerve block. Peripheral trigeminal nerve block anaesthesia has proved to be an effective and convenient way to anaesthetise large regions of oral and maxillofacial complex. This block can be intraoral or extra oral. The intraoral route is through the greater palatine foramen in which the dental surgeons enter into the pterygopalatine fossa, where the maxillary nerve is situated. The morphological variations in the position of greater palatine foramen may be of clinical importance in the administration of local anaesthesia and in palatal surgery. In the present study, the distance of greater palatine foramen from the median palatine suture, and from the posterior border of hard palate have been noted, and the position of greater palatine foramen relative to the maxillary molars, as well as the direction of the foramen have been examined.
SUMMARY:The superficial muscle group of the posterior compartment of leg forms a powerful muscular mass in the calf. The two-headed gastrocnemius is the most superficial muscle of this group, and forms the proximal, most prominent part of the calf. Gastrocnemius muscle exhibits numerous variations in the origin and/or insertion. The present report describes the incidental occurrence of the third/accessory head of gastrocnemius muscle in the left lower limb. During routine educational dissection of a 54-year old American female cadaver in the Anatomy lab of the Medical University of the Americas, Nevis, West Indies, we found an unusual 10.8 cm long muscle in the left popliteal region, attached proximally to the lateral aspect of the popliteal surface of femur, and distally terminated as a tendon which was attached at the junction of the medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius muscle. No such variation was found on the right side. This is described as a case of third / accessory head of gastrocnemius muscle.
Introduction: Being the chief flexor of the elbow joint, brachialis muscle, also known as ‘work horse’ of the elbow or Portal’s muscle is one of the three muscles of the front of arm. Ascertaining the morphology of the muscle is of considerable clinical significance because infrequent mention of the pathologies like tear, rupture, tendinopathies, etc., coupled with the conflicting reports of its morphology may often leads to inaccurate diagnosis of clinical conditions pertaining to it. Aim: To study the origin of the muscle in the form of number of heads and type of fibres at origin, site and manner of insertion, mode of nerve supply and presence of accessory slips. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Parul Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Parul University, Vadodara on the 82 upper limbs used for routine dissection of first MBBS students. After incising the skin, superficial and deep fascia of the arm and cubital fossa, the biceps was retracted to visualise the origin, insertion and nerve supply of the brachialis muscle. Results: In all 82 (100%) arms, the muscle arose by lateral superficial and medial deep heads. Deep head inserted into the coronoid process and upper part of the ulnar tuberosity by an aponeurosis. In 81 (98.8%) specimens, superficial head was inserted by round tendon on to the ulnar tuberosity distal to the deep head. In one (1.2%) specimen, fibres of the superficial head were merging with biceps tendon and inserted on to the radial tuberosity. In 75 (91.5%) arms, muscle was supplied by musculocutaneous nerve and radial nerves and in four (5%) cases by the musculocutaneous, median and Radial Nerve (RN) whereas in 3 (3.5%) case by median and radial nerves. Accessory slips were present in four (5%) specimens. Conclusion: Considerable difference in the morphology of the brachialis was found with regards to the classical picture and should be kept in mind before undertaking any surgical procedure in the arm and elbow region.
Introduction: Accessory Mandibular Foramina (AMF) are most commonly located around the mandibular foramen in the ramus of the mandible. They may transmit the branches of the inferior alveolar nerve and vessels, which may lead to the failure to achieve the inferior alveolar nerve block during various dental procedures. Aim: To evaluate the incidence, the site/location and the number of the AMF in the dry adult human mandibles. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 140 dry adult human mandibles were studied in Parul Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Parul University, Vadodara for the presence of the AMF with respect to their incidence, number, site/location around the mandibular foramen from December 2018 to July 2020. The findings were recorded, tabulated,analysed and stated using descriptive statistics. Results: The AMF were present in 44 (31.42%), out of 140 dry human mandibles. In 26 (18.57%) mandibles, they were present bilaterally and in 18 (12.85%) mandibles they were present unilaterally; eight (5.71%) on the right side while 10 (7.14%) on the left side. In 62 (77.5%) left and right sides of the mandibles, they were present above the mandibular foramen while in 18 (22.5%) left and right sides, they were present below the mandibular foramen. A single AMF was present in 66 (82.5%) left and right sides of the mandibles. Two foramina were present in the 12 (15%) left and right sides of the mandible. Triple foramina were observed in the two (2.5%) sides of the mandibles. Conclusion: Knowledge of the presence of the AMF can help to prevent the neurovascular complications during various procedures involving mandibular ramus.
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