The transverse seismic responses of continuous 4-span bridges designed based on the 2006 Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code were studied using inelastic time history analyses. A total of 648 bridge configurations were considered in which the column heights, column diameters, superstructure stiffness and mass as well as abutment restraint conditions were studied. The maximum ductility demands obtained using elastic and inelastic analyses were compared to study the influence of the degree of irregularity. The effects of column stiffness ratios and superstructure to substructure stiffness ratios on the maximum ductility demands and concentration of ductility demands were investigated. A number of different regularity indices were compared to determine the suitability of these different indices in predicting the influence of irregularity. This study demonstrates the conservative nature of the 2006 Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code and provides some guidance on factors for determining the degree of irregularity and suitable regularity indices when carrying out nonlinear dynamic analyses of bridges.
The longitudinal seismic responses of 4-span continuous bridges designed based on the 2006 Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code were studied using elastic response spectrum and inelastic time-history analyses. Several boundary conditions including unrestrained horizontal movements at the abutments and different abutment stiffnesses were considered in the nonlinear analyses. The seismic response of more than 2600 bridges were studied to determine the effects of different design and modelling parameters including the effects of different column heights, column diameters, and superstructure mass as well as different abutment stiffnesses. The bridges were designed using two different force modification factors of 3 and 5. The effects of column stiffness ratios on the elastic and inelastic analysis results, maximum ductility demands, concentration of ductility demands, and demand to capacity ratios were investigated. The results indicate that the seismic response and maximum ductility demands in the longitudinal direction are influenced by important parameters such as the total stiffness of the substructure, the column stiffness ratio, and the aspect ratio of the columns.
The paper presents observed damage in reinforced concrete buildings during the 27 February 2010 Maule earthquake in Chile. Performance of concrete frame and shear wall buildings are discussed with emphasis on seismic deficiencies in design and construction practices. It is shown that the majority of structural damage in multistorey and high-rise buildings can be attributed to poor performance of slender shear walls, without confined boundary elements, suffering from crushing of concrete and buckling of vertical wall reinforcement. Use of irregular buildings, lack of seismic detailing, and the interference of nonstructural elements were commonly observed seismic deficiencies. A comparison is made between Chilean and Canadian design practices with references made to the applicable code clauses. Lessons are drawn from the observed structural performance.
This paper investigates the post-punching behaviour of reinforced concrete slab–column connections with a goal of providing adequate structural integrity reinforcement. The test results of seven interior slab–column connections are presented. A study was made of the effects of slab thickness, length of structural integrity reinforcing bars, distribution of structural integrity reinforcement in slabs with rectangular columns, and the placement of structural integrity reinforcement in slabs with drop panels. Results from this test series and other researchers were compared with predictions using the CSA A23.3-04 design equations for both punching shear and post-punching resistance. The test results demonstrated that the provision of structural integrity reinforcement in accordance with the requirements of CSA A23.3-04 resulted in significant post-punching resistance and the design equations provide a reasonable estimate of this resistance.
This paper presents performance of steel buildings and nonstructural elements during the 27 February 2010 Maule Earthquake in Chile. Structural steel buildings are not common in Chile, due to the relatively high cost of material. The majority of damage to steel structures was observed in industrial facilities. In general, the structural steel buildings performed well. Limited damage was observed in some of the older buildings. Extensive damage was sustained by nonstructural elements, including masonry infill walls, suspended ceilings, partition walls, and architectural features. Brick masonry partition walls, commonly used in Chilean buildings, suffered damage when used in frame buildings with little drift control. The paper presents a summary of observed damage and a comparison of Chilean and Canadian design practices for steel buildings, with lessons drawn from observed structural performance.
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