Summary: Purpose:We analyzed a large group of patients investigated for suspected seizures to test whether gender or side are important factors in the origins of hippocampal sclerosis (HS). Methods:We studied 996 consecutive patients (48% men, 52% women) by using standard hippocampal T,-relaxometry methods.Results: HS was associated with a highly abnormal T, time ( I 1 13 ms). Categoric analysis showed that hippocampal T, time was independent of gender and side. T, time was bilaterally normal in 81% of men and in 79% of women; it was unilaterally abnormal in 15% of both men and women; and bilaterally abnormal in 4% of men and in 6% of women. Highly abnormal T, relaxometry, suggesting HS, occurred with equal frequency in men and women and on the right and left sides. Quantitative analysis of hippocampal T, times showed values not differing significantly between men and women or between the right and left hemispheres. There was no significant interaction between gender and side.Conclusions: In patients with seizure disorders, hippocampal T, relaxometry is not different in adult men and women and in the right and left hemispheres. Key Words: Temporal lobe epilepsy-Magnetic resonance imaging-Hippocampal sclerosis-Seizures-Gender.An initial epileptogenic insult such as a prolonged febrile convulsion is, in retrospective studies, frequently documented in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients who have hippocampal sclerosis (HS) (1). Five to ten percent of the general population will have a -potential brain insult in childhood (such as a febrile convulsion) (2). Nevertheless, prospective studies of people with such an insult show that most of them will not develop HS or epilepsy (2). These insults usually occur before the age of 5 years. During these early years of life, the brain is vigorously developing, and development differs in boys and girls and in the right and left hemispheres (3). The vulnerability to external damage of each hemisphere is highest at certain phases of development. On the left side, and in boys, this phase is believed to be longer (4). Geschwind and Galaburda ( 3 ) suggested a biologic basis for the higher vulnerability of the male brain, particularly of the left hemisphere. In TLE, there is indeed emerging evidence of complex interactions between gender, side of the focus, and age of onset in TLE, particularly when associated with HS (5-7). Therefore the occurrence and severity of HS may be related to gender or side. Such differences may be small; therefore analysis must be quantitative and include a large series of patients.The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of HS are reduced hippocampal volume, abnormal hippocampal signal, and disturbed internal architecture (8). Volumes and T, signal can be quantitated, and critical values have been established to indicate HS (8,9). Hippocampal T, relaxometry and volumes inversely correlate with each other (9,lO). Although both methods reliably quantitate HS, the required time to process a result is very different. Calculating T, times from the dat...
As part of the Synthetic Yeast 2.0 (Sc2.0) project, we designed and synthesized synthetic chromosome I. The total length of synI is ~21.4% shorter than wild-type chromosome I, the smallest chromosome in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. SynI was designed for attachment to another synthetic chromosome due to concerns of potential instability and karyotype imbalance. We used a variation of a previously developed, robust CRISPR-Cas9 method to fuse chromosome I to other chromosome arms of varying length: chrIXR (84 kb), chrIIIR (202 kb) and chrIVR (1 Mb). All fusion chromosome strains grew like wild-type so we decided to attach synI to synIII. Through the investigation of three-dimensional structures of fusion chromosome strains, unexpected loops and twisted structures were formed in chrIII-I and chrIX-III-I fusion chromosomes, which depend on silencing proteinSir3. These results suggest a previously unappreciated 3D interaction between HMR and the adjacent telomere. We used these fusion chromosomes to show that axial element Red1 binding in meiosis is not strictly chromosome size dependent even though Red1 binding is enriched on the three smallest chromosomes in wild-type yeast, and we discovered an unexpected role for centromeres in Red1 binding patterns.
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