ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to compare psychiatric comorbid disorders and psychological outcomes in children and adolescents with Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).MethodsSubjects were divided into a child group (aged under 12 years) and an adolescent group (aged 12 years and above). All subjects were diagnosed with ADHD based on the DSM IV diagnostic criteria using the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Korean Version (K-SADS-PL-K). The K-SADS-PL-K was also used to evaluate those psychiatric disorders comorbid with ADHD. And the Korean version of the Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL) was used to examine the subjects' psychological outcomes.ResultsThe rate of comorbidity in adolescent group was significantly higher than that in the child group. In particular, the adolescent group had a significantly higher ratio of comorbid conduct disorder and mood disorder than the child group. With respect to the predominantly inattentive type and Not Otherwise Specified, the school subscale scores on the K-CBCL for the children were significantly higher than those for the adolescents.ConclusionThese results suggest that the psychiatric comorbidity may differ between adolescents and children with ADHD. Therefore when treating adolescents with ADHD, more careful assessment and treatment targeting a range of comorbidities are needed.
The aim of this study is to describe the clinical characteristics of prepubertal- and adolescent-onset bipolar disorder (BD) and to identify any clinical differences between patients with prepubertal- and adolescent-onset BD. We analyzed the clinical records of 53 inpatients with BD. These patients were divided into prepubertal-onset and adolescent-onset groups. We also divided the subjects into narrow, intermediate, and broad phenotypes according to the definitions proposed by Leibenluft and colleagues. Of the total sample, 16 patients (30.2%) were in the prepubertal-onset group and 37 (69.8%) were in the adolescent-onset group. Patients with prepubertal-onset BD were more likely to display an insidious clinical presentation, atypical features, and comorbid psychopathology. And the majority of the subjects, especially in the prepubertal-onset group, were classified under the intermediate and broad phenotypes. These results suggest that the clinical presentation of BD with prepubertal-onset is different from that of adolescent-onset BD. It is inferred that a significant number of patients with prepubertal- and adolescent-onset BD do not meet DSM-IV criteria for mania or hypomania from the results of this study.
Ge1 − xTex thin films were grown using thermal coevaporation deposition. The dielectric functions and the phonon modes of amorphous (a‐) and crystalline (c‐) Ge1 − xTex films were measured using spectroscopic ellipsometry and Raman spectroscopy in order to investigate electronic and vibrational properties of these alloys. Using the second derivative spectra of the dielectric functions of a‐Ge1 − xTex alloys and the standard critical point (SCP) model, we obtained optical transition energies for the a‐Ge1 − xTex alloys. The optical transition energies were not only consistent with the density of states (DOS) reported in the literature, but also provided more detailed structures for the joint density of states (JDOS) of a‐Ge1 − xTex. magnified imageThe second derivative spectra of d2ε(E)/dE2 for amorphous GeTe. The transition energies were estimated using SCP model (short arrows) and were compared to those of photoemission spectroscopy from literature (long arrows).
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