Background White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are a common cerebral finding in older people. WMH are usually asymptomatic, but excessive WMH are associated with cognitive decline and dementia. WMH are also among the neurological findings most consistently associated with declining motor performance in healthy ageing. Aims To determine if WMH load is associated with simple and complex motor movements in dominant and non-dominant hands in cognitively intact older subjects. Methods Hand motor performance was assessed with the Purdue Pegboard and Finger-tapping tests on 44 healthy righthanded participants, mean age 70.9 years (range 59-84 years). Participants also underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, which were used to quantify WMH volume. The effect of WMH on the motor parameters was assessed via mediation analyses. Results WMH load increased significantly with age, while the motor scores decreased significantly with age. WMH load mediated only the relationship between age and left-hand pegboard scores. Discussion WMH mediated only the more complex Purdue Pegboard task for the non-dominant hand. This is likely because complex movements in the non-dominant hand recruit a larger cerebral network, which is more vulnerable to WMH. Conclusions Complex hand movements in the non-dominant hand are mediated by WMH. Subtle loss of motor movements of non-dominant hand might predict future excessive white matter atrophy.
Patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 depend on exogenous insulin to keep their blood glucose concentrations within the desired range. Subcutaneous bihormonal artificial pancreas devices that can measure glucose concentrations continuously and autonomously calculate and deliver insulin and glucagon infusions is a promising new treatment option for these patients. The slow absorption rate of insulin from subcutaneous tissue is perhaps the most important factor preventing the development of a fully automated artificial pancreas using subcutaneous insulin delivery. Subcutaneous insulin absorption is influenced by several factors, among which local subcutaneous blood flow is one of the most prominent. We have discovered that micro-doses of glucagon may cause a substantial increase in local subcutaneous blood flow. This paper discusses how the local vasodilative effects of micro-doses of glucagon might be utilised to improve the performance of subcutaneous bihormonal artificial pancreas devices. We map out the early stages of our hypothesis as a disruptive novel approach, where we propose to use glucagon as a vasodilator to accelerate the absorption of meal boluses of insulin, besides using it conventionally to treat hypoglycaemia.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to correlate the hypochondriacal concerns related to diseases with level of anxiety and depression symptoms among medical and engineering undergraduates. Study design and Setting: Cross sectional study was conducted among undergraduates of final year students of BUMDC (Bahria University Medical & Dental College) and engineering students from NUST- PNEC (NUST – Pakistan Navy Engineering College). Methodology: In this study; (99) final year medical students and (92) engineering students were recruited. In order to maintain consistency of age, students aging between 21–26 years were selected. Selected students were handed to fill the required ‘Self-administered Questionnaire’ comprising of demographic details, short health anxiety inventory, medical history and DASS (depression, anxiety and stress scale) which were completed on-site. Data was entered in SPSS version 21 and analyzed using Fisher’s exact test. P value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Result: Out of 191 students in total from both the groups n=86 (45%) were females and n=105(55%) were males. There were 99 participants from MBBS and 92 from engineering. The participants’ ages ranged from 21-26 years with a mean= 23.95 (SD±2.29), both the cohorts belonged to approximately same age group. While assessing depression the responses were not very different for both the groups. When responses of depression scale were related to visits to psychiatrists or psychologist or psychotherapist a strong relationship was observed (p=0.012) in medical students cohort. Conclusion: The results of the study reflected comparable psychosocial strain at an elevated level among both student groups
Regarding rice grown in five different locations, rice quality is measured using an auto grain analyzer. Auto grain analyzer works on the Near-Infrared transmittance (720 -1100 nm). Protein, amylose and moisture contents of the rice samples of nine (9) fine lines were tested. Different environment tested entries were evaluated and found that all the values have highly significant effect of environment and genotypes. The environment and genotype ranking in the Additive Main effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model were studied and PK8680-13-3-1 and check variety Basmati 515 were found to be most stable lines in most micro environment with respect to amylose contents and moisture contents. Protein contents were studied in PK8892-4-2-1-1 and PK3810-30-1 and are best suited in all the environments. The results indicated that grain analyzer may be used for amylose and protein contents along with effect of different locations on these traits in early breeding generations for quality control in the food industry.
Background: Objective structured clinical examinations are the gold standard of modern medical assessment for students. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of formative OSCEs on students’ performance in summative OSCEs in final year medical exams.Methods: This observational study was conducted at surgical B Unit, MTI, Khyber teaching hospital, Peshawar from January to December 2019. A total of 297 consecutive students of final year MBBS, studying in Khyber medical college were included in the study. Students who had repeated the year were excluded. Examination scores of formative OSCEs taken in the ward and the subsequent summative OSCEs taken in the subject of surgery were analyzed to determine the effect on summative OSCE performance. Data was analyzed using SPSS 23. Chi square test was used and p>0.05 was taken as statistically significant.Results: Out of 297 students, 188 (63.3%) were males and 109 (36.7%) were females. Of these, 243 (81.8%) students appeared in the formative OSCEs whereas 54 (18.2%) students did not appear in the formative OSCEs. The result of the subsequent summative OSCEs showed that those students who appeared in formative OSCEs showed a better performance in summative OSCEs (p<0.001) with majority of students (53.5%) having scores above 80%.Conclusions: Formative OSCEs enhance students’ performance in summative OSCEs. Repetitive formative OSCE sessions along with regular feedback should be incorporated in the medical curriculum for better performance of medical students in their final year undergraduate exams.
In Pakistan, the F 1 seed production ranks very low in the three-line system. One of the reasons is poor panicle exertion and less out crossing rate in the female lines. Gibbrillic Acid (GA 3) increase the seed and improve panicle exertion as well as outcrossing. This study was designed to identify the suitable doses of GA 3 application in the seed multiplication block of different CMS lines. The material comprising both the parental lines (cytoplasmic male sterility and maintainer) used in the development of hybrid rice. GA 3 powder used in the experiment is 90% concentration in three level concentration that is 0, 100, 200, ppm. The outcomes indicated that GA 3 positively increased plant height, stigma exertion, panicle exertion, duration of floret opening, angle of floret opening and panicle length. Increased seed production is 0.3 to 1 t/ha compared to the control (0 ppm GA 3). Application of GA 3 concentration at the rate of 200ppm gave the best results as compared to the other treatments like control and 100 ppm in all the tested CMS lines increased productivity. So, 200 ppm concentration is recommended in seed multiplication of parental lines used in hybrid rice development.
Rice is rich in genomic variety with huge number of assortments developed everywhere. It is man’s most leading food sources. It supports through two-third of the world’s occupants and established in the social legacy of many association. Above 90% of production and intake of rice on the planet happen in Asia and 87% is used worldwide. The volume of worldwide rice trade has enhanced just about six overlap from 1960s to date. Around 80% rice are yielded by limited scope ranchers and are consumed locally. Development of Rice needs to raise 40% by 2030 to meet the normal utilization need of individuals, which must be faced with reduce land and prohibitive water alongside the environmental change circumstances. Manipulation is the course to alter the grain into a structure adept for human utilization, hence, it must be achieved with outrageous consideration to stay away from breakage of the piece and extend the recovery extent. Present paper explains rice handling practices, its results and their importance with unique spotlight on dietary benefit and cooking quality
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