In situ surface X-ray scattering (SXS) measurements were carried out to study the structure of a Ag layer on a Au(111) electrode formed by underpotential deposition (UPD) in sulfuric acid solution. Specular rod profiles showed that a monolayer of Ag was formed at a potential between the second and third UPD peaks, and a bilayer of Ag was formed at a potential between the third UPD peak and bulk deposition. Non-specular rod profiles demonstrated that electrochemically deposited Ag atoms both in the first and second layers were situated at the three-fold hollow cubic closest packing (ccp) site of the underlying Au and Ag layers, respectively.
Aim: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of retreatment with anti-programmed death (PD)-L1 antibody (atezolizumab) after anti-PD-1 antibody (nivolumab/ pembrolizumab) treatment in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 18 NSCLC patients who received atezolizumab after anti-PD-1 antibody treatment. Data on patient characteristics, number of cycles of anti-PD-1 antibody and atezolizumab, regimens between anti-PD-1 antibody and atezolizumab, best response, and immune-related adverse events (irAEs) were collected and analyzed. Results: Nine patients a had high (≥50%) PD-L1 expression. The median number of cycles of atezolizumab was 3 (range=2-7). The median progression-free survival was 2.9±1.8 months. Seven (38.9%) and 11 (61.1%) patients had stable and progressive disease, respectively. No patient achieved partial or complete response. There were no significant differences in the occurrence of irAEs between anti-PD-1 antibodies and atezolizumab. Conclusion: Preliminary results showed that patients previously treated with anti PD-1 antibodies received only limited benefit from subsequent atezolizumab.Cancer immunotherapy has recently received remarkable attention, and cumulative evidence has established it as the fourth pillar of cancer therapy. The CheckMate and Keynote studies showed the superiority of anti-programmed death (PD)-1 antibodies over conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy as second-line therapy (1-3). As a result of these clinical trials, the anti-PD-1 antibodies nivolumab and pembrolizumab were approved for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. More recently, the OAK and PACIFIC studies also showed the benefits of anti-PD ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibodies for NSCLC patients (4, 5). The anti-PD-L1 antibodies atezolizumab and durvalumab have since been approved for second-or later-line therapy and maintenance therapy after chemoradiotherapy, respectively.One of the main drawbacks of immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is that only select patients are benefited. In the clinical setting, physicians often have to administer another chemotherapy after treatment failure of initial ICIs (6). However, there are few reports assessing the clinical benefits of subsequent use of similar ICIs (7-10). Although the use anti-PD-L1 antibody after anti-PD-1 antibody treatment has become a growing concern in the clinical setting, there is no report addressing this issue. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of re-treatment with atezolizumab after anti-PD-1 antibody treatment.
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