The lymph drainage routes from the abdominal cavity in rats were observed at 3 min, 1, 2 and 4 h after India ink was administered intraperitoneally. Four systems of lymph drainage routes from the peritoneal cavity were observed. Three minutes after injection, the drainage route travelled via the intrathoracic lymph vessels located along the internal thoracic artery and returned to the anterior mediastinal lymph nodes. One hour after injection, the drainage route travelled via the lymph vessel located along the left phrenic nerve in addition to the drainage route observed at 3 min. Two and four hours after injection, in addition to the above-mentioned routes, the drainage that had travelled via the thoracic duct continued along the right side of the aorta and was also observed in the lateral lymph vessel located on the vertebra. These findings suggest that lymph or cells absorbed into the peritoneal cavity at first travel towards the anterior mediastinal lymph nodes in the thorax via the ventral lymphatic channels, and then gradually course through the dorsal lymphatic channels. These routes may serve as a route for transporting cancer cells and other cells from the peritoneal cavity.

ABSTRACT. In the present study, we firstly demonstrated immunohistochemical expressions of secretory carbonic anhydrase (CA-VI) isozyme in bovine forestomach, large intestine and major salivary glands. CA-VI was detected in basal layer epithelial cells of esophageal and forestomach stratified epithelium, in mucous cells of upper glandular region of large intestine, in serous acinar cells of the parotid gland, in serous demilune cells and some ductal liner cells of mandibular, monostomatic sublingual and esophageal glands. These immunohistolocalizations suggested that bovine CA-VI plays various roles in pH regulation, maintenance of ion and fluid balance, and cell proliferation. KEY WORDS: bovine digestive organs, CA-VI, immunohistochemical localization.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 68(2): 131-135, 2006 Carbonic anhydrase isozyme-VI (CA-VI) is a unique secretory type CA isozyme. It was initially discovered and purified from ovine saliva [7], and then rat saliva [6,21], human saliva [13,20,22,25] and bovine saliva [5]. Fernley et al. [8] examined sheep CA-VI in 18 different tissues from sheep using biochemical analysis. They observed an immunoreactive signal for CA-VI only in parotid and mandibular glands, which suggested that CA-VI increased buffering capacity in the oral cavity. Some studies have identified the acinar cells of salivary glands as the origin of CA-VI in several species [5,8,21,22,25]. These studies have shown that CA-VI was present in acinar cells of the mammalian parotid and mandibular glands, from where CA-VI is secreted into the saliva. However, CA-VI expression in other segments of the alimentary canal has received little information and the precise physiological role of bovine CA-VI has never been revealed. The present study examines the immunohistochemical expression of CA-VI in bovine alimentary canal and in major salivary glands, and conjectures the function of CA-VI in the bovine digestive organs. MATERIALS AND METHODSTissue: Three adult Holstein cows were used in the present study. Small tissue blocks were prepared for microscopic observation. Samples were cut from the parotid, mandibular, and monostomatic sublingual glands, from cervical to thoracic segments of the esophagus, rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon and rectum. The samples were immediately fixed in Bouin's solution, and then sliced into 3 µm-thick sections. CA-VI antibody:We purified CA-VI from bovine saliva as described previously [5]. A rabbit polyclonal antibody has been raised against purified bovine CA-VI and specific immunity to bovine CA-VI has been confirmed [5]. Briefly, the antibody against purified bovine CA-VI was produced in the rabbit. Rabbits were injected initially with 1 mg of purified CA-VI emulsified with an equal volume of Freund's complete adjuvant, followed by a weekly booster injection of a fixed amount of the enzyme for 5 weeks. The rabbits were bled via the auricular vein 10 days following the last injection. The specificity of the antiserum was confirmed by the doubl...

The immunohistolocalization of secretory carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes (CA-VI) in canine salivary glands, parotid, submandibular, sublingual and zygomatic glands, oral and oesophageal mucosa was studied using a specific antiserum against a canine CA-VI. In addition, the gene expression of CA-VI from the same tissue was studied using a real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. In all salivary glands and oesophageal gland, immunostaining intensely localized CA-VI antiserum throughout the cytoplasm of serous acinar cells, including serous demilune and ductal epithelial cells. In contrast, no immunoreaction localized CA-VI in the mucous acinar cells of the gland. CA-VI gene transcripts were also detected in the same areas. The physiological significance of secretory CA-VI in the oral and oesophageal cavity is thought to play a highly specialized role in the maintenance of bicarbonate level in saliva and to protect mucosa from acid injury. It is shown that the major sites of the CA-VI secretion in dogs were in serous (demilune) secretory cells in all four major salivary glands and oesophageal glands in particular.

ABSTRACT. Lymph drainage routes from the abdominal and pelvic cavities in beagle dogs were observed serially by following the time course of India ink administered intraperitoneally. Four systems of lymph drainage routes from the peritoneal cavity were observed in this study. The earliest drainage returned to the cranial mediastinal lymph nodes via the sternal lymph vessels; subsequently, the sternal lymph nodes located along the internal thoracic artery became involved. Then, a drainage route via the lymph vessel along the left vagus nerve was observed. The final drainage route flowed into the lateral lymph vessel through the thoracic duct located on the vertebra. These results show that India ink is absorbed from the peritoneal cavity, and that the lymph drainage first flows mainly towards the cranial mediastinal lymph nodes through the ventral lymphatic channels. Our serial observations suggest that, over time, the lymph drainage routes changed from the ventral abdominal to the dorsal thoracic lymphatic channels in the thorax. KEY WORDS: beagle dog, lymph drainage, peritoneal cavity.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 68(11): 1143-1147, 2006 The lymphatic system establishes a lymphatic circulation and transports lymph containing lipid droplets, immunocytes, and tumor cells. Ultimately, lymphatic drainage routes flow into the systemic circulation. However, parts of the lymphatic system are located in serous cavities. These lymphatic routes have yet to be adequately clarified. Previously, a limited amount of information about the lymphatic drainage from the abdominal cavity was collected by examining the route that drains lymph from the canine peritoneal cavity [6]. Tracing marker administered into the peritoneal cavity was found to travel via the diaphragm to the sternal lymphatics located in the ventral inner-wall of the thoracic cavity. Subsequently, the same drainage pattern was observed in many animals [4,7,9]. This lymphatic drainage route may be clinically useful in predicting the course of intraperitoneal cancer dissemination. The present paper provides a detailed description of lymph drainage routes over time following the intraperitoneal administration of India ink in beagle dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODSThree adult male beagle dogs (body weight, 8.5 kg) and one adult female beagle dog (body weight, 6.7 kg) were used for this experiment.Using a fine needle, the male dogs were all injected intraperitoneally with warm India ink dissolved in physiological saline at a dose of 25 ml per kg body weight; the India ink was injected into the pelvic cavity via the rectum in the female dog. The male dogs were sacrificed by an overdose of Nembutal (0.2 ml/kg) at 30 min, 60 min, and 2.5 hr after ink injection, respectively. The female dog was sacrificed at 2.5 hr. A fixative solution [24 (ethylene glycol): 8 (phenol): 1 (formaldehyde solution): 16 (methanol)] was immediately injected intraperitoneally and intrapelvically after the animals were sacrificed. The peritoneal and pelvic cavities were dissected from the carcasses, and these ...

ABSTRACT. The musculature of the hip and thigh in the orangutan has been described previously. Anatomically, there are various descriptions among primates in those structures, in particular, the relationship between M. biceps femoris and M. gluteus maximus, their derivatives, and the muscle segment. However, a detailed innervation system to this ischiofemoral part has not been described, thus there is still uncertainty as to with which muscle it is associated. In this analysis, we examined the gross anatomy of the hip and thigh muscles of the orangutan and chimpanzee, including their innervation. Also, a comparison was made with documented data of other primates. As a result of these observations, it was found that the ischiofemoral part in the orangutan is innervated by the same sciatic nerve branch (the common peroneal nerve) as the long head of M. biceps femoris, but not by the same nerve as M. gluteus maximus. Therefore, the ischiofemoral part is appropriately considered as a part of the long head of M. biceps femoris. It appears that this morphologic feature is an adjustment to the arboreal life of the orangutan. The development of the flexor complex of the thigh is necessary for this arboreal adaptation, resulting in a unique musculature of M. biceps femoris in the orangutan. KEY WORDS: gross anatomy, innervation system, M. biceps femoris, M. gluteus maximus, orangutan.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 70(3): 217-222, 2008 The orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus), the only great ape in Asia, is the only arboreal great ape in the world. It rarely descends to the ground, living most of its life in trees 20-60 m in height. The orangutan moves from branch to branch utilizing all of its limbs in a unique locomotion system called brachiation. It therefore has a distinctive foot structure that adjusts to the type of grip required. It has a plantigrade foot posture, yet only the exterior of the sole touches the ground. When walking on the ground level, it does not stand with its trunk in a vertical position, and moves with its knees flexed and its lower extremities abducted.The musculature of the hip and thigh in the orangutan has been previously described, in particular, the relationship of M. biceps femoris and M. gluteus maximus (M. gluteus superficialis). The muscle, around which the present discussion is centered, arises from the ischial tuberosity and inserts onto the shaft of the femur. Hereafter, this is referred to as the ischiofemoral part. Sonntag [7] referred to this ischiofemoral part as the inferior part of M. gluteus maximus, and thus considered it part of M. gluteus maximus. In recent years, Hamada [2] reported that it is not clear to which muscle this ischiofemoral part belongs (M. gluteus maximus, Sigmon, [6]; M. biceps femoris, Stern, [8]). Tuttle and Cortright [10] described the hip musculature of the orangutan as representing a unique pattern amongst the Hominoidae; the lower portion of the M. gluteus maximus complex is a discrete muscle, M. ischiofemoralis. They demonstrate that the ischiofemoral part of the M. isc...