Maximal-ratio combiner (MRC) performances in fading channels have been of interest for a long time, which can be seen by a number of papers concerning this topic. In this paper we treat bit error probability (BEP), symbol error probability (SEP) and outage probability of MRC in presence of κ-μ fading. We will present κ-μ fading model, probability density function (PDF), and cumulative distribution function (CDF). We will also present PDF, CDF, and outage probability of the L-branch MRC output. BEP/SEP will be evaluated for broad class of modulation types and for coherent and noncoherent types of detection. BEP/SEP and outage performances of the MRC will be evaluated for different number of branches via Monte Carlo simulations and theoretical expressions.
Optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) is used to characterize fiber optic links by identifying and localizing various refractive and reflective events such as breaks, splices, and connectors, and measuring insertion/return loss and fiber length. Essentially, OTDR inserts a pulsed signal into the fiber, from which a small portion that is commonly referred to as Rayleigh backscatter, is continuously reflected back with appropriate delays of the reflections expressed as the power loss versus distance, by conveniently scaling the time axis. Specifically, for long-distance events visibility and measurement accuracy, the crucial OTDR attribute is dynamic range, which determines how far downstream the fiber can the strongest transmitted optical pulse reach. As many older-generation but still operable OTDR units have insufficient dynamic range to test the far-end of longer fibers, we propose a simple and cost-effective solution to reactivate such an OTDR by inserting a low-noise high-gain optical preamplifier in front of it to lower the noise figure and thereby the noise floor. Accordingly, we developed an appropriate dynamic range and distance span extension model which provided the exemplar prediction values of 30 dB and 75 km, respectively, for the fiber under test at 1550 nm. These values were found to closely match the dynamic range and distance span extensions obtained for the same values of the relevant parameters of interest by the preliminary practical OTDR measurements conducted with the front-end EDFA optical amplifier, relative to the measurements with the OTDR alone. This preliminary verifies that the proposed concept enables a significantly longer distance span than the OTDR alone. We believe that the preliminary results reported here could serve as a hint and a framework for a more comprehensive test strategy in terms of both test diversification and repeating rate, which can be implemented in a network operator environment or professional lab.
Maximal-Ratio Combiner (MRC) performances in fading channels have been of interest for a long time, which can be seen by a number of papers concerning this topic. Most of these papers treat Rayleigh, Nakagami-m, Hoyt, Rice or Weibull fading. This paper treats symbol error probability (SEP) performances of MRC in presence of generalized η μ − fading. In this paper, we will present η μ − fading model, and expressions for SEP of the L-branch MRC output. SEP will be treated for a broad class of modulation types and for non-coherent type of detection. SEP performances of the MRC will be presented via Monte Carlo simulations and theoretical expressions. Key words -generalized η μ − fading, maximal-ratio combining, Monte Carlo simulations, non-coherent detection, symbol error probability.
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