and Herzegovina 4 i ntroduction The pelvis is the central part of the body that receives the weight from the vertebral column and transfers it to the lower extremities. It protects the internal organs with its specific structure and shape. Objective The study aims to compare the clinical outcomes of emergency non-surgical and surgical treatment of such patients, to analyze the types and severity of complications and final functional outcome. Material and methods We present a series of 47 patients treated in the period between 1999 and 2009 at the Traumatology Clinic, CHC Banja Luka. According to Marvin Tile's classification, fractures were distributed as follows: Type A fractures occurred in 19 patients (40.6%), Type B in 18 (38.1%) and Type C in 10 (21.3%). 30 patients (63.8%) were polytraumatised, with craniocerebral injuries in 12 patients (25.5%), chest cavity injuries in 5 (10.6%) and abdominal organ injuries in 13 patients (27.6%). 27 patients (57.4%) had clinical and laboratory signs of hemorrhagic shock on admission, while 26 patients (56.2%) received conservative treatment and 21 patients (43.8%) were treated using surgical methods of stabilization of the pelvic ring. Results The analysis of the outcomes of treating pelvic ring fractures in our series of patients by using radiography (x-rays according to Slatis) showed that out of 47 treated patients, the outcomes were excellent in 28 (60%), good in 7 (15%), fair in 5 (12%) and poor in 7 (14%). The functional outcomes in all patients were evaluated according to the D' Aubigne-Postel scale, on average 18 months after the trauma. The outcomes were excellent in 22 patients (45%), good in 15 (31%), fair in 4 (9%) and poor in 6 (14%). The chisquare test showed that there was no significant statistical difference between the outcomes monitored using x-rays and functional outcomes monitored using the D' Aubigne-Postel scale (p=0.097). The surgical treatment efficiency coefficient was introduced for the purpose of comparative evaluation of treatment outcomes. The surgical treatment efficiency coefficient, compared with conservative treatment, showed that all evaluated parameters were between 1.56 and 16.33 times lower in surgical treatment, which represents the more favorable outcome. Conclusion We can conclude that conservative treatment is the treatment of choice for Tile's Type A fractures, external fixator for treating Type B fractures (including all subtypes), and internal fixation, as mono therapy or in combination with external fixator, for treating Type C2 and Type C3 fractures. Surgical treatment, compared with conservative treatment, allows faster mobilisation of the patient and it shortens the recovery period, which in turn lowers the total treatment costs.

Introduction:Acetabular fractures treatment represents a great controversy, challenge and dilemma for an orthopedic surgeon.Aim:The aim of the paper was to present the results of treatment of 96 acetabular fractures in the Clinic of Traumatology Banja Luka, in the period from 2003 to 2013, as well as to raise awareness regarding the controversy in the methods of choice in treating acetabulum fractures.Material and methods:The series consists of 96 patients, 82 males and 14 females, average age 40.5 years. Traffic trauma was the cause of fractures in 79 patients (85%), and in 17 patients (15%) fractures occurred due to falls from height. Polytrauma was present in 31 patients (32%). According to the classification of Judet and Letournel, representation of acetabular fractures was as follows: posterior wall in 32 patients, posterior column in 28, anterior wall in 4, anterior column in 2, transverse fractures in 8, posterior wall and posterior column in 10, anterior and posterior wall in 6, both- column in 4 and transversal fracture and posterior wall in 2 patients. 14 patients were treated with traction, that is, 6 patients with femoral traction and 8 patients with both lateral and femoral traction. 82 patients (86.4%) were surgically treated. Kocher-Langenbeck approach was applied in the treatment of 78 patients. In two patients from the Kocher-Langenbeck’s approach, the Ollier’s approach had to be applied as well. Two acetabular were primarily treated with Ollier’s approach. Extended Smith- Peterson’s approach was applied 4 times, and Emile Letournel’s (ilioinguinal) approach 14 times.Results:Functional outcome (after follow-up of 18 months), according to the Harris hip score of surgical treatment in 82 patients, was as follows: good 46 (56%), satisfactory 32 (39%) and poor 4 (5%). Results of acetabulum fractures treated with traction were: good 8 (57%), satisfactory 4 (28%) and poor 2 (15%). According to the Brook’s classification of heterotopic ossification, periarticular hetero-tropic calcifications after surgical treatment were: 0° in 65 patients (79%), I-II° in 9 patients (11%) and III-IV ° in 8 patients (10%). Calcifications in 14 patients treated with traction of heterotopic ossification by Brook-s classification were as follows: 0° in 10 patients (72%), I-II ° in 3 patients (22%) and III-IV° in 1 patient (6%).Conclusion:At the occurrence of acetabular fracture, it is necessary to start the treatment immediately, with an obligatory application of thromboembolic and antibiotic prophylaxis. Conservative treatment is acceptable if the dislocation of fracture is less than 5 mm. Indications for surgical treatment are incongruent or unstable fractures with verified dislocation greater than 5 mm, as well as when the radiography measured by JM Matta shows incongruence of acetabular roof less than 40° in all planes. Kocher-Langenbeck approach is the choice of surgical approach for the management of posterior column / wall, and Letournel’s (ilioinguinal) approach is the choice for the management of anterior wall/column.

In spine deformity surgery, iatrogenic neurologic injuries might occur due to the mechanical force applied to the spinal cord from implants, instruments, and bony structures, or due to ischemic changes from vessel ligation during exposure and cord distraction/compression during corrective manoeuvres. Prompt reaction within the reversible phase (reducing of compressive/distractive forces) usually restores functionality of the spinal cord, but if those forces continue to persist, a permanent neurological deficit might be expected. With monitoring of sensory pathways (dorsal column–medial lemniscus) by somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEPs), such events are detected with a sensitivity of up to 92%, and a specificity of up to 100%. The monitoring of motor pathways by transcranial electric motor-evoked potentials (TceMEPs) has a sensitivity and a specificity of up to 100%, but it requires avoidance of halogenated anaesthetics and neuromuscular blockades. Different modalities of intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM: SSEP, TceMEP, or combined) can be performed by the neurophysiologist, the technician or the surgeon. Combined SSEP/TceMEP performed by the neurophysiologist in the operating room is the preferable method of IONM, but it might be impractical or unaffordable in many institutions. Still, many spine deformity surgeries worldwide are performed without any type of IONM. Medicolegal aspects of IONM are different worldwide and in many cases some vagueness remains. The type of IONM that a spinal surgeon employs should be reliable, affordable, practical, and recognized by the medicolegal guidelines. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:9-16. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.180032

Interpreter services should be well organised, and interpreters should be linguistically, culturally and socially competent, as these factors may have a significant impact on consultation outcomes. Using relatives or staff as interpreters can sometimes be a solution but often results in an unsatisfactory clinical consultation.

Technological diseases are diseases of the modern era. Some are caused by occupational exposures, and are marked with direct professional relation, or the action of harmful effects in the workplace. Due to the increasing incidence of these diseases on specific workplaces which may be caused by one or more causal factors present in the workplace today, these diseases are considered as professional diseases. Severity of technological disease usually responds to the level and duration of exposure, and usually occurs after many years of exposure to harmful factor. Technological diseases occur due to excessive work at the computer, or excessive use of keyboards and computer mice, especially the non-ergonomic ones. This paper deals with the diseases of the neck, shoulder, elbow and wrist (cervical radiculopathy, mouse shoulder and carpal tunnel syndrome), as is currently the most common diseases of technology in our country and abroad. These three diseases can be caused by long-term load and physical effort, and are tied to specific occupations, such as occupations associated with prolonged sitting, working at the computer and work related to the fixed telephone communication, as well as certain types of sports (tennis, golf and others).