Celem pracy jest wyjaśnienie specyfiki i ocena zielonego budownictwa w Polsce w kontekście procesu certyfikacji budownictwa ekologicznego. Ponadto w opracowaniu podjęto próbę określenia czynników tak społecznych, jak i ekonomicznych, które przyczynią się do rozwoju tego typu budownictwa w Polsce. W pracy również omówiono zróżnicowanie przestrzenne w skali województw lokalizacji budynków posiadających certyfikat budownictwa ekologicznego, a także wskazano strukturę zielonego budownictwa w Polsce. W celu realizacji zamierzonych zadań badawczych posłużono się głównie danymi z Polskiego Stowarzyszenia Budownictwa Ekologicznego. W pracy wykazano wzrost liczby wydanych certyfikatów budownictwa ekologiczne, co świadczy o rozwoju tego typu budownictwa. Stwierdzono też znaczne zróżnicowanie przestrzenne zielonego budownictwa w skali kraju. Wykazano również, że zdecydowana większość budynków, które otrzymały certyfikat budownictwa ekologicznego jest zlokalizowana w dużych miastach w Polsce.
The study presents the demographic development of big cities (≥100,000 inhabitants within the city’s administrative borders) in Poland from 1950 to 2016. The article demonstrates the similarities and differences in these cities’ demographic development, showing demographic trends in Poland’s various periods of socio-economic development using the graphical trajectory method. The presented study on demographic development of Polish cities uses trajectories, showing them to be an additional useful tool in analyses of demographic development of cities, regions and other territorial units. It was indicated that this simple graphic representation opens new interpretative possibilities; it demonstrates development stages, shows both the process nature (demographic development of cities in this case), and whether this process is progressive or regressive in nature. The trajectory method allows us to read the dynamics of changes in a particular process (in the distances between successive trajectory points).
Summary Subject and purpose of work: Urban transport is a key element of the functioning of urban agglomerations around the world. As it is of strategic importance, the needs of its users have to be diagnosed. Due to the fact that students are the most numerous social group using public transport, particular attention should be paid to students as the real creators of the needs of urban transport. The paper aims to diagnose the challenges in urban transport shaped by the process of studentification based on the case study of Toruń. Materials and methods: The multi-stage research approach was adopted, among others a survey among students. The choice of the research area was determined by the fact that Toruń is one of the largest academic centres in Poland. Results: Toruń is experiencing the effects of the studentification process in different dimensions, including the spatial and transport facets. Conclusions: The majority of students use public transport, daily or several times a week. The most preferred means of transport is the tram owing to its relative speed and punctuality.
Problems of city definition and urban population in the People’s Republic of China Present urbanization processes are characterized by unusual spontaneity, reflected in numerous problems in defining urban population and determining real city boundaries. Of particular interest, from a scientific point of view, is the case of China, where a considerable dynamics of socio-economic transformations, as ell as political and administrative issues are reflected in a complex urban structure. Serious complications in determining the real Chinese urban population number, or determining real city boundaries are the complicated administrative division, manifested by an unnatural size of the cities, and the inclusion of rural population under their urban jurisdiction. In addition, the question of social duality between the countryside and the city,caused by the Hukou register system, seriously hampers estimations of a city resident number. Mass migration from the countryside to cities, in most cases without updating the Hukou system, resulted in a lack of complete and accepted statistics concerning the population of Chinese cities. It is also worth mentioning, that rural migrants in urban areas are often a secondary category of citizens facing socio-economic discrimination, leading to a visible and tangible polarization among Chinese urban residents.
This article concerns the process of population concentration in large urban centres in China. The authors conclude that this process is reflected in the increase in the number of cities of a million or more, and the increase in their share of China’s total population, as well as in the country’s total urban population; the process is here termed ‘macropolization’. We analyse and assess the process of macropolization and examine changes in the size structures of these cities (one million or more), and the accompanying transformation in the spatial differentiation of urban population concentrations in China. In addition, the effect that macropolization has on the level of urbanization of individual provinces is shown, as is its significance in the overall share of urban population. The macropolization process from 1950 to 2015 has been assessed. The data was collected from Chinese statistical offices, United Nations reports and the available literature on the subject.
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