Direct access to complex, enantiopure benzylamine architectures using a synergistic iridium photoredox/nickel cross-coupling dual catalysis strategy has been developed, where Csp3-Csp2 bonds are forged, starting from abundant and inexpensive natural amino acids.
Cerebrovascular dysfunction has an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple brain disorders. Measurement of hemodynamic responses in vivo can be challenging, particularly as techniques are often not described in sufficient detail and vary between laboratories. We present a set of standardized in vivo protocols that describe high-resolution two-photon microscopy and intrinsic optical signal (IOS) imaging to evaluate capillary and arteriolar responses to a stimulus, regional hemodynamic responses, and oxygen delivery to the brain. The protocol also describes how to measure intrinsic NADH fluorescence to understand how blood O supply meets the metabolic demands of activated brain tissue, and to perform resting-state absolute oxygen partial pressure (pO) measurements of brain tissue. These methods can detect cerebrovascular changes at far higher resolution than MRI techniques, although the optical nature of these techniques limits their achievable imaging depths. Each individual procedure requires 1-2 h to complete, with two to three procedures typically performed per animal at a time. These protocols are broadly applicable in studies of cerebrovascular function in healthy and diseased brain in any of the existing mouse models of neurological and vascular disorders. All these procedures can be accomplished by a competent graduate student or experienced technician, except the two-photon measurement of absolute pO level, which is better suited to a more experienced, postdoctoral-level researcher.
Benzotriazol-1-yl-sulfonyl azide, a new crystalline, stable, and easily available diazotransfer reagent provides N-(α-azidoacyl)benzotriazoles convenient for N-, O-, C- and S-acylations. The efficient syntheses of various amides, azido protected peptides, esters, ketones and thioesters is reported together with a wide range of azides (including α-azido acids from α- amino acids in partially aqueous conditions) and diazo compounds.
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