Trichinella spiralis is a helminth that provokes Th2 and anti-inflammatory type responses in an infected host. Our previous studies using Dark Agouti (DA) rats indicated that T. spiralis infection reduced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) severity in rats. The aim of this study was to analyse the mechanisms underlying EAE suppression driven by T. spiralis infection. Reduced clinical and histological manifestations of the disease were accompanied by increased IL-4 and IL-10 production and decreased IFN-gamma and IL-17 production in draining lymph node cells. This indicates that T. spiralis infection successfully maintains a Th2 cytokine bias regardless of EAE induction. High IL-10 signifies parasite-induced anti-inflammatory and/or regulatory cell responses. Transfer of splenic T cell-enriched population of cells from T. spiralis-infected rats into EAE immunized rats caused amelioration of EAE and in some cases protection from disease development. This population of cells contained higher proportion of CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory cells and produced high level of IL-10 when compared with uninfected rats.
The paper considers the complete solvability and the order of complexity of passive RLCT ( T = multiwinding ideal transformer) networks. A topological approach based on the determinant polynomial of the matrix of hybrid equations, formed as a set of 1st-order differential and algebraic equations, reveals the structure of the formulation tree and the subnetworks accountable for degeneracies. Topological and algebraic degeneracies are defined. Necessary and sufficient conditions for complete solvability are derived, and two algorithms are given to determine the order of complexity topologically, i.e. without having an explicit state-space representation.
A general method is presented of formulating the Lagrangian and anti-Lagrangian equations for networks consisting of non-linear RLCM (M = memristor) multiports with hybrid representation.The formulation is obtained with no restriction on the network topology. An explicit procedure is given to construct the scalar functions needed. This procedure is based on the concept of L and H functions introduced. TheBrayton-Moser equations in a generalized form can be directly obtained from the anti-Lagrangian equations. From these equations, new equations of Brayton-Moser type can also be derived. The invariance property of Lagrangian and anti-Lagrangian equations under a transformation of variables is also discussed.
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