It is well known that several psychiatric disorders may be related to childhood psychological trauma. Recent studies have associated childhood exposure to trauma to some skin diseases. Our study aimed at exploring whether psoriasis is related to the reported positive and negative traumatic life events in different age intervals beginning from early childhood to adulthood. Furthermore, we investigated differences between psoriatics with early and late onset according to traumatic experiences in different age intervals. Also, we investigated the possible correlation of traumatic experiences with the disease severity. One hundred patients with psoriasis and 101 controls (patients with skin conditions considered to be "non-psychosomatic") were enrolled in the study. All participants completed a specific questionnaire measuring traumatic life experiences (Traumatic Antecedents Questionnaire, TAQ). The TAQ assesses positive personal experiences (competence and safety) and negative personal experiences (neglect, separation, secrets, emotional, physical and sexual abuse, trauma witnessing, other traumas and exposure to alcohol/drugs) from early childhood to adulthood. The severity of psoriasis was estimated according to the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), a standardized measuring instrument. The amount of positive experiences did not differ significantly among groups, except for safety scores that were higher in controls compared with both psoriatic groups (early and late onset). On the other side, negative traumatic experiences appeared more frequently in patients with psoriasis during all developmental periods. We found no correlation between severity of psoriasis and traumatic experiences. The present study demonstrates an increased history of childhood and adulthood negative traumatic experiences in patients with psoriasis compared to the control group. Our findings suggest a relationship between retrospectively reported negative traumatic experiences and psoriasis.
At the very beginning of working with the group as a supervisor -the dynamics of which I will analyse more thoroughly in the section Personal Experience, group members were discussing their personal experience of the supervisee's position, their past, present and anticipated relationship with the supervisor and their experience of the supervision of the supervisor. Al-though they broached many areas of conflict, their emotional tone and constructive manner brought to my mind an image of a bracelet with three ornaments: supervisee, supervisor and supervisor's supervisor. Only after some time did I realise that these were some points of the origin of parallel processes, and therefore, in the introduction to this paper, I will show the results of Prof Mirjana Pernar, BSc Psychology, Clinical psychologist, Training group analyst, IGA Zagreb, IPA Psychoanalyst SUMMARY:The paper describes how the supervisor's awareness of their covert processes, thoughts, and feelings increased as a direct result of the work in the median group and in the supervision of supervision. When the supervisor misses the parallel process in the supervision group, it can be discovered in the supervision of supervision and during self-analysis. Some aspects of the parallel processes are discussed and presented through vignettes from supervision and median group sessions. The paper also presents the results of different studies about supervision and supervision of supervision observed from the perspective of supervisees and supervisors. Theoretical explanations of parallel process are presented as well. KEYWORDS:supervisee, supervisor, parallel process, supervision of supervision, supervisor's countertransference 218 Article certain studies which deal with problems of supervision from these three perspectives. I will also touch upon several authors' examinations of parallel processes. FIRST ORNAMENT: SUPERVISEE Countless pieces of research on the effectiveness of analysis have shown time and again that the therapist is not the one who is important for therapeutic change: what is important is the relationship between the therapist and the patient (1). On the other hand, there is a lot less research on what contributes to the efficiency of supervision. Currently available descriptive studies of supervisory processes indicate that the efficiency of supervision probably also depends on the relationship between the supervisor and the supervisee. The results of the Weaks' research in 2002 show that the main conditions for an efficient supervision are the feelings of equality, safety and challenge in the supervision relationship (2). The supervisee's feeling of equality comes from a situation where the supervisor, too, is ready to share the difficulties they encountered in their work and is ready to face the fact that what they are not perfect. Equality in the supervisory relationship is main-tained by the supervisor who shows superiority in knowledge, but not in the attitude towards the supervisee. The feeling of safety is created by confidentiality an...
The paper presents the theoretical assumptions at the basis of the phenomenon of countertransference and then presents the specifics of countertransference in working with traumatized patients. Several clinical vignettes analyze some characteristics of countertransference reactions in working with psycho traumatized patients. The paper presents some results of countertransference research.
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