Rhinovirus, enterovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus were the most common viruses in asthma exacerbations in children younger than 15 years. A correlation was established between eosinophil and IgE levels in the presence of rhinovirus.

Background. Caustic ingestion in pediatrics is a common cause of visits to the Emergency Department. An indiscriminate use of cleaning chemicals and an easy access to them are determining factors for these injuries. Population and methods. Descriptive, analytical study. Children aged < 16 years hospitalized between January 1998 and December 2017 were included. The ingested caustic substance was identified as acid or alkaline. A gastrointestinal endoscopy was done to establish the burn grade. The grade of the burn was compared to the type of caustic substance using the χ² test or the Fisher's exact test; a P value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results. A total of 133 children were admitted to the Emergency Department due to caustic ingestion. The caustic agent was acid in 41 % of cases and alkaline, in 59 %. The most common acid caustic substance was muriatic acid (36.8 %) and the most common alkaline caustic agent was caustic soda (41.4 %). An esophageal burn was the most common consequence of caustic soda ingestion compared to other caustic agents (p = 0.001), whereas muriatic acid ingestion was the most statistically significant cause of stomach burn (p = 0.001) and duodenal burn (p = 0.002). The age group that most commonly ingested some caustic agent (93.2 %) corresponded to children younger than 5 years. Conclusions. The most common type of ingested caustic agent was alkaline, which caused esophageal burn; whereas, the ingestion of an acid caustic substance caused stomach and duodenal burns, as evidenced by endoscopy.

Introduction. Child maltreatment is a common cause of hospitalization in developing countries. Children who suffer some type of physical or psychological abuse may develop social adaptation problems. This study analyzed the risk factors associated with child maltreatment syndrome in children admitted to the Emergency Department. Population and methods. This was a case-control study of children who suffered maltreatment and controls at a 1:1 ratio conducted between January 2015 and December 2016. The most relevant risk factors were analyzed; a p value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. In total, 148 children who suffered maltreatment and 148 controls were included. Fetal abuse was the most common problem, followed by neglect. In most cases, the abuser was a relative or acquaintance of the child. Being a teenage mother (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 3.19; 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.49-6.80), a low level of education (aOR: 4.70; 95 % CI: 2.33-9.45), a low income (aOR: 2.02; 95 % CI: 1.16-3.5), illegal drug use (aOR: 15.32; 95 % CI: 6.22-37.7), a child with disability (aOR: 8.58; 95 % CI: 2.76-26.6), and age younger than 2 years (aOR: 2.08; 95% CI: 1.20-3.63) were the highest risk factors for child maltreatment. Conclusion. Teenage mothers with a low socioeconomic level have the higher risk for abuse from a caregiver. Disability is a risk factor that doubles in the multivariate analysis when associated with teenage mothers.

Objectives The frequency of GDM and vitamin D insufficiency in Mexico is high. Vitamin D supplementation in GDM patients has shown favorable but non-homogeneous results regarding improvement of glycemic profile. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of supplementing with 5,000 IU of vitamin D on the glycemic profile of women with GDM. Methods A randomized clinical trial was conducted on women with GDM who received 5,000 IU of vitamin D (n=27) or a placebo (n=27) for eight weeks. Changes in vitamin D levels and metabolic parameters before and after the intervention were analyzed. Results Vitamin D vs. placebo: 25-OHD (32 vs. 26 ng/mL, p=0.006), HbA1c (6.0 vs. 6.1%, p=0.29), glucose (99 vs. 87 mg/dL, p=0.29), insulin (14 vs. 13 µIU/mL, p=0.79), HOMA-IR (3.6 vs. 2.6, p=0.55), QUICKI (0.31 vs. 0.33, p=0.55). Conclusions Supplementation with 5,000 IU of vitamin D for eight weeks had no significant effect on the glycemic profile.