Noise is an important factor to consider in the design of biomedical instrumentation systems. When calculating the total noise in an instrumentation system, it is necessary to consider the noise contributions of all elements: sensors, electronic systems, noise coming from external sources, etc. In this chapter, after an historical introduction, we define some mathematical properties of random processes useful for noise characterization; the different kinds of noise usually found in physical systems; the noise characteristics of sensors and electronic devices; and illustrate the methodology of analysis of complex systems from the point of view of biomedical applications when considering different noise sources. Finally, we provide an example for the noise analysis of a biomedical system.
Electrical and electronic systems on board air vehicles are susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI). This has made the topic of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), a major concern for aircraft safety. The use of composite materials worsens this situation, for their poor shielding and low conductive capabilities. Some of the main experimental E3 certification scenarios used in aeronautics are revisited in this chapter. Guidelines to achieve simple, yet accurate, numerical models of them are provided, with appropriate tradeoffs between computational simplicity and accuracy. The numerical method, endowed with extended capabilities, has been chosen for this task for its ability and efficiency to deal with complex problems of arbitrary materials. The feature selective validation (FSV) IEEE standard procedure, commonly used to quantify the comparison of data in electromagnetic problems, is also revisited. The simulation of three different air vehicles in several certification scenarios is finally described and the numerical results compared to experimental data.
Abstract:As a consequence of increasing life expectancy, the promotion of lifestyles that allow aging wellbeing guarantees has acquired great importance in the developed countries. However, the adherence to healthy behaviors in young and adult people remains as a big problem in the community health field. The development of markers of adherence to healthy lifestyles and the evaluation its effectiveness is a goal of many research groups. This paper presents a system for analyzing physiological, psychological and behavioural user's habits using a smartphone and externals biodevices. We use an Android smartphone with an internal tri-axial accelerometer and GPS to monitor physical activity. The smartphone is connected via Bluetooth to a respiratory sensor for breath monitoring. In addition, Android application contains psychological questionnaires to analyze user's mood state and at the same, social interaction is analyzed tracking phone usage and user's social network. Finally, the collected information is sent to a remote server for a long-term processing.
Electrical safety assessment is mandatory for most electrical equipment in almost all countries. For medical devices, electrical safety is regarded in medical safety standards. There is a broad range of medical devices, so the regulations of different countries (European directives, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations, etc.) provide a classification of medical devices based on the risk. The medical safety assessment depth depends on the equipment class. Many medical devices safety standards in different countries are usually based on the IEC 60601 family standards, so more or less the tests for safety assessment are the same everywhere. In this article, after a brief revision of the effects of electrical current in the human body, we describe the classification of medical devices in Europe (from the medical devices European directives) and in United States (from the FDA). Finally, some IEC 60601 electrical safety topics are explained.
Nowadays, automotive companies are focused in improving road traffic safety. For that, not only the vehicle performance is improved but also the driver behavior is monitored. This could be done in many ways. One of them is to monitor a specific physiological parameter using a biodevice. That device should be reliable enough to use in a very noisy environment like a vehicle is. Furthermore, because long-term monitoring is required, any invasive and annoying method should be avoided. Therefore, an electrical bioimpedance device capable of monitoring driver ventilation using several textiles electrodes has been designed and implemented.
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