The aim of this research is to assess the impact of the economic shocks of supply and demand generated by the COVID-19 crisis on the climate sphere at the level of the Member States of the European Union. In this respect, a macroeconomic model was used to obtain firstly an estimate of the measure of demand shock and secondly an estimate of the supply of the economy. These milestones were eventually used to estimate the impact of the two economic shocks on the level of greenhouse gas emissions. The obtained results show that both the shock from the aggregate demand area and that from the aggregate supply area had the effect of decreasing the level of greenhouse gases, leading to a positive effect on the environment. From a quantitative point of view, the model estimates show that, as a result of the manifestation of the two cumulative shocks, the level of greenhouse gas emissions could decrease by about 10%.
The need to reduce public spending in the developing process and funding of public services has led to the introduction of performance indicators in the public institutions. Moreover, the need to optimize the educational activity, the implementation of an efficient management, insuring the quality and the compatibility of the educational systems has led to numerous investigations in this area by adopting, as a theoretical reference framework some organizational models to explain the functionality of the educational system and to define a performance appraisal system. Each model generated by default a certain philosophy regarding the evaluation methods of the institutional performance, design and use of the performance indicators on education institutions.
Environmental changes and especially the development of the digital economy have posed real existential questions to businesses, provoked strategic reflection, and made the emergence of controlling efficient. The objective of this chapter was to explore the role of controlling in the business environment and generalize a reflection on strategy and controlling in the life of companies. The results show that controlling has a significant role in enhancing the corporate governance pillars in companies, and the successes of corporate governance requires compliance with all elements of internal control.
The goal of information security is to be able not just to put in place measures to detect and mitigate attacks but also to predict attacks, deter attackers from attacking, and thus defend the systems from attack in the first place. Data protection should be based on the lessons learned over time, both within the organization and in other organizations. Over the time, a large number of methodologies for identifying information security risks were proposed and adopted and simplified approach to different methodologies has led to their classification in quantitative and qualitative, especially in terms of metrics used to quantify risk. This chapter proposes an international overview regarding the quantitative and qualitative analysis methods for information risk analysis. In practice almost always use a combination of these methods, depending on the characteristics of the organization investigated the degree of uncertainty associated with the method of analysis and risk management.
The problem of leadership, leader, and leadership style has provoked a considerable number of theoretical and experimental research, being one of the central themes of the psycho sociology of social groups. Being in front of a considerable volume of experimental data, obtained under very different conceptual and methodological conditions, the problem of leadership has a fragmentary character, being necessary a careful selection of the results that have a sufficient practical relevance. The objective of this chapter is to demonstrate the role of leadership development in the digital economy.
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