We consider branes in refined topological strings. We argue that their wave-functions satisfy a Schrödinger equation depending on multiple times and prove this in the case where the topological string has a dual matrix model description. Furthermore, in the limit where one of the equivariant rotations approaches zero, the brane partition function satisfies a time-independent Schrödinger equation. We use this observation, as well as the back reaction of the brane on the closed string geometry, to offer an explanation of the connection between integrable systems and N = 2 gauge systems in four dimensions observed by Nekrasov and Shatashvili.
We describe surprising relationships between automorphic forms of various kinds, imaginary quadratic number fields and a certain system of six finite groups that are parameterised naturally by the divisors of twelve. The Mathieu group correspondence recently discovered by Eguchi-Ooguri-Tachikawa is recovered as a special case. We introduce a notion of extremal Jacobi form and prove that it characterises the Jacobi forms arising by establishing a connection to critical values of Dirichlet series attached to modular forms of weight two. These extremal Jacobi forms are closely related to certain vector-valued mock modular forms studied recently by Dabholkar-Murthy-Zagier in connection with the physics of quantum black holes in string theory. In a manner similar to monstrous moonshine the automorphic forms we identify constitute evidence for the existence of infinite-dimensional graded modules for the six groups in our system. We formulate an umbral moonshine conjecture that is in direct analogy with the monstrous moonshine conjecture of Conway-Norton. Curiously, we find a number of Ramanujan's mock theta functions appearing as McKay-Thompson series. A new feature not apparent in the monstrous case is a property which allows us to predict the fields of definition of certain homogeneous submodules for the groups involved. For four of the groups in our system we find analogues of both the classical McKay correspondence and McKay's monstrous Dynkin diagram observation manifesting simultaneously and compatibly. *
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