The article introduces a new dataset that seeks to comprehensively trace developments in the area of digital trade governance. The TAPED (Trade Agreements Provisions on Electronic-Commerce and Data) dataset includes a detailed mapping and coding of all preferential trade agreements that cover chapters, provisions, annexes, and side documents that directly or indirectly regulate digital trade. This article presents the methodology behind TAPED and provides an overview of the evolution of digital trade provisions in preferential trade agreements, highlighting also some emerging trends. It then takes a look at the substance of selected rules found particularly in electronic commerce chapters and maps the diversity of approaches in tackling issues meant to facilitate online trade, such as the customs duty moratorium on electronic transactions or paperless trading, and discusses the very recent rule-making with regard to cross-border data flows. This is of course merely a glimpse of the wealth of information that TAPED provides, and the goal of this article is simply to uncover the great variety and the complexity of the norms found in the preferential trade agreements on digital trade governance, which reveals the value of the dataset.
"It's not information overload. It's filter failure."~ Shirky, 2010The article is set against the backdrop of the reform of public-service broadcasting (PSB)institutions and results from the wide spread of digital technologies. It seeks to answer whether, in a transformed information and communication environment, it would be apt for new PSBs, regardless of their precise organizational design, to assume the role of a "public-service navigator" (PSN). This article shows that there is a need for this new type of editorial intelligence that links users with content in a way that advances conventional media objectives, particularly exposure diversity. The paper clarifies what a PSN project may look like given the practical reality of searching for and consuming content in the digital space.Keywords: public service broadcasting, public service media, digital technologies, Internet, exposure diversity Introductory RemarksThere seems to be broad agreement in policy and academic circles that public-service broadcasting (PSB) institutions must be reformed. However, accord wanes and controversy arises when it comes to the ways to implement reform. There is already a substantial body of literature (e.g., FerrellLowe & Bardoel, 2007;Goodman & Chen, 2010 that discusses the various paths that PSBs should take into the digital present in order to remain true to their underlying public-interest objectives, which, in Western Europe, equal nothing less than sustaining the public sphere with diverse ideas and viewpoints (Collins, 2002;Garnham, 1983). These discussions map onto a great number of policy briefs and independent reports (e.g., Ofcom, 2004aOfcom, , 2004bOfcom, , 2005 and onto actual reform initiatives of varying scope and depth.Mira Burri: mira.burri@wti.org In this article, we greatly benefit from the existing inquiries on reinventing PSBs as large, multifaceted media projects but focus on one discrete question, which might be part of this reinvention process. We ask specifically whether, in a transformed information and communication environment, it would be apt for new PSBs, regardless of their precise organizational design, to assume the role of "public-service navigator" (PSN). We show that there is a need for this new type of editorial intelligence that links users with content in a way that advances conventional media objectives, particularly exposure diversity. We clarify what a PSN project may look like given the practical reality of searching for and consuming content.Overall, we seek to contribute to the ongoing debates on transforming PSBs in the digital age by taking a less travelled and somewhat narrower path to change. As PSB-related debates are rarely neutral, it is only fair to state from the outset that we prefer a project of public-service media (PSM) that proactively but effectively uses the capabilities of digital media (Donders, 2011, pp. 25-48). The PSN model could also reflect broader changes in media governance (Donges, 2007;Puppis, 2010), which point to a move away from conventional command-and...
The digitalization and the increase in global trade significantly impact the economy and citizens of Europe. European policymakers are well aware of these developments and wish to unlock the potential of the digital economy through the EU's Digital Single Market Strategy. 1 One core goal of this strategy, promoted by the European Commission since 2015, is the pursuit of a free flow of data within the EU. Such a free flow should encourage the creation of and access to goods and services thatin their essencecollect and process vast amounts of data.While the free flow of data is desirable from an economic perspective, as it maximizes the use of data by businesses throughout (and beyond) the EU, an entirely free flow of personal data goes against individuals' interests to exercise some control over the collection and use of their data by third parties. Therefore, a balance between economic and individual interests must be struck by creating a regime that ensures both. We call this desired balance an 'adequate free flow of data'. The term 'adequate' implies that a European digital economy should achieve more than economic welfare and simultaneously protect the interests of European citizens and consumers, especially their fundamental rights, such as the right to personal data protection. The balancing of interests could also benefit the digital economy, as it would promote the European citizens' trust and confidence in the
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