The aim of this study was to determine how accurately color-normal subjects that have received basic information about, but do not have practical experience with, the Natural Color System (NCS) can estimate the Heringian components of a representative selection of samples. Twenty-five color-normal subjects, taking part in two trials with at least a 24 h gap between assessments, selected four samples representing individual unique hues (uHs) from a set of 40 highly chromatic NCS samples on a rotatable tray. The samples selected for assessment of components were displayed to the subjects who estimated the hue components of 16 high-chroma samples, hue and white/black components of 16 tonal color samples, and three achromatic samples with different blackness values. Variability in selection of samples representing uHs as well as the relationship between the subjects' estimates of unique hue components and the defined values of the system was obtained. It was found that hues alone are easier to correctly estimate than hues together with white and black and that the components of colors of higher chroma are easier to estimate accurately than those of lower chroma. It was also found that, for R and G, the mean uH choices of subjects differed very little from the NCS's R and G, whereas selections for yellow and blue deviated, the former by 1.22 hue steps (slightly greener than G90Y), and the latter by 1.36 hue steps (represented approximately by R85B). This may impact the accuracy of color models that employ NCS unique hues.
Heteroleptic polypyridyl Ru complexes MMR‐1 and MMR‐2 containing 2‐(methylthio)thienyl and 2‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)thienyl units on the antennas of ancillary ligands, respectively, were designed, synthesized, and characterized as sensitizers for dye‐sensitized solar cells. The maximum absorption wavelength of MMR‐1 is more red‐shifted than that of MMR‐2, but MMR‐2 has a higher molar extinction coefficient, leading to better light harvesting. Under the same device‐fabrication conditions, the photovoltaic performances of these sensitizers were evaluated while anchored on mesoporous TiO2 and compared to that of the benchmark N719. Both MMR‐1 and MMR‐2 exhibited comparable or even higher solar‐to‐electric conversion efficiencies η with respect to N719 when employed as photosensitizers in DSSCs. Compared to MMR‐1, MMR‐2 exhibited better overall conversion efficiency, which was attributed to the electron‐donating effect of the 4‐methoxyphenyl group and the better absorptivity by harvesting higher‐energy photons. Complex MMR‐2 also showed higher open‐circuit voltage VOC than MMR‐1, which is likely due to the extension of the antenna of the ancillary ligand by inserting a phenyl group, which leads to less dye aggregation. The photovoltaic performance of MMR‐2 was better, with a short‐circuit photocurrent density of 16.76 mA cm–2, a VOC of 0.673 V, a fill factor of 73.5 %, and an η value of 8.29 % with the addition of 0.5 m 4‐tert‐butylpyridine (TBP) compared to 8.18 % for N719.
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