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For a long time mercury electrodes have been the main choice for the analysis of metal ions and some metalloids. However, in the last years, safety and environmental considerations have restricted their use and encouraged the search for alternative materials more environmentally friendly and with more possibilities for in-situ and flow analysis. This research has been reinforced by the popularisation of nanomaterials, biomolecules and screen-printed electrodes, as well as for the new advances in sensor miniaturization and integration of the electrodes in multi-sensor platforms and electronic tongues. The present review critically summarizes and discusses the progress made since 2010 in the development and application of new electrodes for the analysis of metals and metalloids.

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This review summarizes analytical determinations carried out using antimony film electrodes (SbFEs), an environmentally safe option that constitutes an alternative not only to the most conventional Hg-based electrodes but also to Bi-based electrodes. SbFEs offer some interesting characteristics such as favorably negative overvoltage of hydrogen evolution, wide operational potential window, convenient operation in acidic solutions of pH 2 or lower and a very small Sb stripping signal. The substrate on which the Sb was plated is used to classify the types of SbFEs. Moreover, we detail the method of coating the substrate with Sb as well as the Sb modifiers. We present tables with the most important information from the accessible literature.