This is a repository copy of Lithium-Ion battery state-of-charge estimator based on FBG-based strain sensor and employing machine learning.
There is an ongoing need to measure strains in reinforced concrete structures more reliably and under a range of circumstances e.g. long term durability (such as effects of cracking and reinforcement corrosion), response to normal working loads and response under abnormal load conditions. Fibre optic sensors have considerable potential for this purpose and have the additional advantages, including of immunity to electromagnetic interference and light weight (Grattan et al, 2000). This is important in railway scenarios and particularly so when the lines are electrified. Their small size allows for easy installation. However, their use as commercial 'packaged' devices (traditionally seen as necessary to achieve adequate robustness) is limited by their high cost relative to other sensor devices such as encapsulated electric resistance strain gauges. This paper describes preliminary work to produce a cost-effective and easy-to-use technique for encapsulating fibre optic sensors in resin using 3D printing techniques to produce a robust, inexpensive 'packaged' sensor system suitable for use with concrete structures. The work done to date has shown this to be a convenient and economical way of producing multiple sensors which were suitable for both surface mounting and embedment in reinforced concrete structures. The proof-of-concept testing to which the trial packages were subjected is described in the paper and the results indicate that 3D printed packages have considerable potential for further development and use in a variety of civil engineering applications, competing well with more conventional sensor systems.
This is the accepted version of the paper.This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. A cascaded fibre optic acoustic sensor system, using optical filter signal demodulation has been developed and its performance extensively evaluated. To undertake this under standardized conditions, the optical sensor system was evaluated using a glass plate to detect the acoustic signal, followed by an evaluation using a metal plate to identify the location of acoustic sources, when subjected to sonotrode excitation, mimicking acoustic detection in cavitation detection. Under these circumstances, a very good agreement has been reached between the outputs of the optical acoustic sensors and of the co-located PZT acoustic sensors. This work confirms the utility of these sensors -they can detect not only weak AE signals, but also enable multipoint simultaneous measurement, showing their potential for condition monitoring applications, especially in the marine sector. Permanent repository link
Fiber optic sensors have considerable potential for measuring strains in the challenging environment posed by today’s civil engineering applications. Their long-term reliability and stability are particularly important attributes for assessing, with confidence, effects such as cracking and response to normal (and abnormal) loads. However, given the fragile nature of the bare fiber, the sensors must be packaged to achieve adequate robustness but the resulting increased cost of installation can frequently limit the number of sensors which can be installed or their use may have to be ruled out altogether due to these financial constraints. There is thus potential for the development of a more affordable type of packaging and this paper describes work undertaken to produce a cost-effective and easy-to-use technique for encapsulating fiber optic sensors in resin, taking advantage of 3D printing techniques which are widely available and at low cost. This approach can be used to produce a robust, inexpensive packaged sensor system which is seen as being suitable to be extended to a wider range of uses including installation in concrete structures prior to casting. To evaluate this approach, several such 3D printed package types and geometries are described and their behavior is assessed from a programme of laboratory trials, the results of which are presented in this paper. This proof-of-concept testing has demonstrated the considerable potential which 3D printed packages have and the scope for further development and consequent use in civil engineering applications. Areas showing promise and potential, which have been identified from the work undertaken, are discussed.
An operational, Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG)based sensing system, specifically designed to monitor conditions in a harsh industrial environment is reported. The sensors used were placed inside tanks with high levels of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) gases and high relative humidity in the North Head sewage treatment plant in Sydney, Australia. The sensor system was developed primarily to monitor the effect of >98% relative humidity and temperature changes on the corrosion rates of various materials inside the tanks. Data have been obtained from the use of the system for eight months: these have been correlated with key climate data including the changing weather conditions experienced during the continued monitoring activity. The sensor system specifically developed has been shown to be sufficiently robust to work well, and safely, in such a harsh environment (due to the gaseous H2S and CH4 present) with no signs of deterioration of the sensors or of the signals obtained from the system. The remote operation through flexible data transmission has allowed continuous and up-to-date monitoring of the conditions inside the tanks.
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