In this paper, we study a waveform design based on time-reversal (TR) for multi-user wireless power transfer (WPT) systems in multipath channels. The existing waveforms for WPT using the nonlinear energy harvesting (EH) model have been designed in the frequency domain, whereas we design the waveform directly in the time domain by modifying TR to be suitable for WPT. In the non-linear EH model, the peak signal with the largest magnitude among the received signals is responsible for most of the harvested energy at the energy receiver (ER). Since the peak signal of TR for multi-user consists of the sum of the inter-user interference (IUI) signals and the desired signal, the phase difference between these signals can reduce the magnitude of the peak signal. Thus, we propose a novel waveform based on TR, called a phase aligned TR (PATR). The objective of the proposed PATR is to increase the harvested energy by aligning the phase between the IUI signal and desired signal as in-phase. We derive the optimal phase set to be pre-rotated for maximizing the peak signal, and design the PATR waveform by combining the modified TR and the derived optimal phase set. We prove the superior performance of the proposed PATR compared to the existing schemes in the multi-user WPT systems with the non-linear EH model by simulation. Moreover, we show that the gain for the harvested energy of the proposed PATR increases as the number of transmit antennas and the number of ERs increase.INDEX TERMS Wireless power transfer, energy harvesting, time-reversal, non-linear energy harvesting circuit, interference alignment.
NAND flash memory is becoming smaller and denser to have a larger storage capacity as technologies related to fine processes are developed. As a side effect of high-density integration, the memory can be vulnerable to circuit-level noise such as random telegraph noise, decreasing the reliability of the memory. Therefore, low-density parity-check code that provides multiple decoding modes is adopted in the NAND flash memory systems to have a strong error correcting capability. Conventional static error recovery flow (ERF) applies decoding modes sequentially, and read latency can increase when preceding decoding modes fail. In this paper, we consider a dynamic ERF using machine learning (ML) that predicts an optimal decoding mode guaranteeing successful decoding and minimum read latency and applies it directly to reduce read latency. Due to process variation incurred in the manufacturing of memory, memory characteristics are different by chips and it becomes difficult to apply a trained prediction model to different chips. Training the customized prediction model at each memory chip is impractical because the computational burden of training is heavy, and a large number of training data is required. Therefore, we consider ERF prediction based on reusable ML to deal with varying input and output relationships by chips due to process variation. Reusable ML methods reuse pre-trained model architecture or knowledge learned from source tasks to adapt the model to perform its task without any loss of performance in different chips. We adopt two reusable ML approaches for ERF prediction based on transfer learning and meta learning. Transfer learning method reuses the pre-trained model by reducing domain shift between a source chip and a target chip using a domain adaptation algorithm. On the other hand, meta learning method learns shared features from multiple source chips during the meta training procedure. Next, the meta-trained model reuses previously learned knowledge to fastly adapt to the different chips. Numerical results validate the advantages of the proposed methods with high prediction accuracy in multiple chips. In addition, the proposed ERF prediction based on transfer and meta learning can yield a noticeable reduction in average read latency as compared to conventional schemes.INDEX TERMS NAND flash memory system, process variation, error management, reusable machine learning, transfer learning, meta learning.
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