Occupying a prime location in face, nasal cavity is the main route of entry of air into the body. Nasal lesions can have varied presentations ranging from simple inflammatory to even malignant tumours. The aim of this study is to find the incidence of nasal lesions along with their histopathological patterns and correlation with age-gender distribution and site of the lesion. The present study was done in the department of Pathology, MGMCRI, for a period of six months from January 2019 to June 2019 and included 58cases of nasal biopsies. Tissue was processed and studied as per standard operating procedures. Out of the 58 cases studied, 55.17% were inflammatory of which 28.13% were fungal infections. There were 37.93% benign lesions and 6.7% malignancies. Majority of the lesions were seen in the age group of 20-39 years, with male preponderance. The most common location involved was nasal cavity with allergic inflammatory polyp being the most common lesion. Although most of the nasal biopsies sent are inflammatory, secondary to infection or allergy, variety of benign and malignant lesions of nose are also common. Eventhough they can be suspected clinically confirmation can be done only by histopathological examination. Hence histopathology digs out the ‘black box within the beauty’ and remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of nasal lesions.
Breast cancer has become one of the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among female population both in developing and developed countries. Research also suggests the rising rate of breast cancer every year. Various advancements and research in this field has led to the discovery of both sporadic and genetic susceptibility prevailing in persons who develop this cancer. Even though various immunohistochemical(IHC) markers are being used in the workup of breast cancer, none of them is found to be totally effective in predicting the prognosis of the patient. It is known that BRCA mutations are associated with breast cancers and the protein expression of BRCA1 in breast cancer can be identified by IHC. Hence, the purpose of this review is to highlight the role of BRCA1 and KI-67 as diagnostic and prognostic IHC markers in breast cancer. Breast cancer is one of the most leading causes of death in female population. BRCA1 and Ki-67 protein expression can be used to assess the grade of tumour and thereby predict the prognosis of the patient. Incorporating these markers along with existing hormone receptor workup can help in better approach in dealing with breast cancer.
Malignant mixed Mullerian tumour commonly known as carcinosarcoma is a rare and aggressive biphasic tumour with epithelial and mesenchymal components. In this reported case, a 68 year old post menopausal, nulliparous female, presented with complaints of difficulty in breathing and abdominal discomfort. Clinical evaluation and radiological findings were consistent with malignancy of left ovarian origin. Patient was taken up for total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. But intraoperatively, the tumour was found as a single large retroperitoneal mass with no connection to ovaries or other pelvic organs. Histopathological examination of the specimen revealed features of malignant mixed Mullerian tumour. Immunohistochemical markers showed positivity for CK 20, Pan CK and EMA in carcinomatous areas and vimentin in sarcomatous areas. ER and PR were found to be negative. Patient was on regular follow-up and responded well to chemo and radiotherapy. Primaries in retroperitoneum also have poor prognosis similar to carcinosarcomas of female genital tract.
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