Background: Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) has a wide range of biological functions. It antagonizes lymphocyte response, inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines, and serves as a signal to turn off the immune response and inflammatory response. To study the correlation between TGF-β1 and T helper (Th)1/ Th2 cytokine levels in tree shrews, and to explore the effects of different levels of TGF-β1 on central venous catheter (CVC)-centered Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation in tree shrews.Methods: Tree shrews were injected with different concentrations of TGF-β1, and venous blood was drawn after 48 h to measure the levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines. A CVC was placed into the femoral vein, and TGF-β1 at different concentrations and PIA− (ATCC12228) and PIA+ (ATCC35984) standard strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis were injected into the tree shrews to establish a biomaterial-centered infection (BCI) model. After 72 h, the CVC was removed, and biofilm formation was detected using the API bacterial identification system, semi-quantitative biofilm formation assay, and scanning electron microscopy.Results: In the groups treated with TGF-β1 at different concentrations, the levels of Th1 cytokines interleukin-2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were lower than those of normal group, while the levels of Th2 cytokines IL-6, IL-4 and IL-10 were higher than those of normal group. In the TGF-β1 groups at different concentrations, the positive rate of Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC35984 biofilm formation was higher than that in non-TGF-β1 group, while there was no significant difference in the positive rate of Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC12228 biofilm formation compared with that of the non-TGF-β1 group.Conclusions: TGF-β1 causes the imbalance of Th1/Th2 cytokines and Th1/Th2 shift in tree shrews, leading to Th1 cell-led decline in cellular immune function. TGF-β1 promotes PIA+ Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation in the tree shrew BCI model, but it has no significant influence on PIA-Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation on the surface of CVCs.
Background: Breast cancer (BC), a very heterogeneous systemic disease, is the most frequently seen malignancy in women, especially in some developed countries or regions. Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and Ki67 have been extensively used to predict the clinical outcome, but it is still a hotspot to search for more predictive prognostic markers. Ankyrin repeat and death domain containing 1A (ANKDD1A), which contains nine ankyrin repeats, has been discovered to play a role of tumor suppressor in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM).However, its role in BC remains unknown so far.Methods: ANKDD1A expression and clinical information of BC were extracted from the TCGA dataset.Then, the ANKDD1A expression level was explored in BC from different perspectives, including clinical stage, molecular subtype, histology type and immune microenvironment. Afterwards, functional enrichment analysis of ANKDD1A co-expressed genes was carried out to estimate the role of ANKDD1A in BC, and the methylation status of ANKDD1A was evaluated by MEXPRESS. In addition, the correlation of ANKDD1A with immunocytes was explored, and survival analysis was carried out to evaluate the prognostic value of ANKDD1A in BC.Results: ANKDD1A decreased in BC compared with the para-cancerous tissues. Additionally, ANKDD1A was up-regulated in early-stage BC, ER negative group, infiltrating lobular carcinoma, and the normal subtype in BC molecular subtypes. According to functional enrichment analysis, ANKDD1A co-expressed genes were mainly involved in the immune process. Also, our results revealed that ANKDD1A was tightly associated with T cells. Survival analysis suggested that, patients with higher ANKDD1A expression had more favorable prognosis than those with lower ANKDD1A expression.
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