This paper presents a new corpus and annotation guideline for a novel coreference resolution task on fictional texts, and analyzes its unique characteristics. FantasyCoref contains 211 stories of Grimms' Fairy Tales and 3 other fantasy literature annotated in the omniscient writer's point of view (OWV) to handle distinctive aspects in this genre. This task is more challenging than general coreference resolution in two ways. First, documents in our corpus are 2.5 times longer than the ones in OntoNotes, raising a new layer of difficulty in resolving long-distant referents. Second, annotation of literary styles and concepts raise several issues which are not sufficiently addressed in the existing annotation guidelines. Hence, considerations on such issues and the concept of OWV are necessary to achieve high interannotator agreement (IAA) in coreference resolution of fictional texts. We carefully conduct annotation tasks in four stages to ensure the quality of our annotation. As a result, a high IAA score of 87% is achieved using the standard coreference evaluation metric. Finally, state-of-the-art coreference resolution approaches are evaluated on our corpus. After training with our annotated dataset, there was a 2.59% and 3.06% improvement over the model trained on the OntoNotes dataset. Also, we observe that the portion of errors specific to fictional texts declines after the training.
Background
Existing bacterial culture test results for infectious diseases are written in unrefined text, resulting in many problems, including typographical errors and stop words. Effective spelling correction processes are needed to ensure the accuracy and reliability of data for the study of infectious diseases, including medical terminology extraction. If a dictionary is established, spelling algorithms using edit distance are efficient. However, in the absence of a dictionary, traditional spelling correction algorithms that utilize only edit distances have limitations.
Objective
In this research, we proposed a similarity-based spelling correction algorithm using pretrained word embedding with the BioWordVec technique. This method uses a character-level N-grams–based distributed representation through unsupervised learning rather than the existing rule-based method. In other words, we propose a framework that detects and corrects typographical errors when a dictionary is not in place.
Methods
For detected typographical errors not mapped to Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED) clinical terms, a correction candidate group with high similarity considering the edit distance was generated using pretrained word embedding from the clinical database. From the embedding matrix in which the vocabulary is arranged in descending order according to frequency, a grid search was used to search for candidate groups of similar words. Thereafter, the correction candidate words were ranked in consideration of the frequency of the words, and the typographical errors were finally corrected according to the ranking.
Results
Bacterial identification words were extracted from 27,544 bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility reports, and 16 types of spelling errors and 914 misspelled words were found. The similarity-based spelling correction algorithm using BioWordVec proposed in this research corrected 12 types of typographical errors and showed very high performance in correcting 97.48% (based on F1 score) of all spelling errors.
Conclusions
This tool corrected spelling errors effectively in the absence of a dictionary based on bacterial identification words in bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility reports. This method will help build a high-quality refined database of vast text data for electronic health records.
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