Recently, fibroblast growth factors are identified to play a vital role in the development and progression of human pancreatic cancer. FGF pathway is critical involved in numerous cellular processes through regulation of its downstream targets, including proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. In this review article, we describe recent advances of FGFR signalling pathway in pancreatic carcinogenesis and progression. Moreover, we highlight the available chemical inhibitors of FGFR pathway for potential treatment of pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, we discuss whether targeting FGFR pathway is a novel therapeutic strategy for pancreatic cancer clinical management.
Tim-3 acts as a negative regulatory molecule and plays a critical role in immune tolerance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of Tim-3 on peripheral CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells in glioma. A total of 30 newly diagnosed glioma patients and 30 healthy controls were recruited and leukocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analyzed for Tim-3 surface expression by flow cytometry. Plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was also measured. Data showed that expression of Tim-3 was significantly increased in both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells in glioma patients than in controls (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). Patients with a higher tumor grade revealed further elevated Tim-3 expression in CD8⁺ T cells compared with those with a lower tumor grade. Also, the Karnofsky score of patients was negatively correlated with the percentage of Tim-3⁺CD8⁺ T cells in glioma patients (p=0.007). In addition, an inverse correlation was observed between the plasma level of TNF-α and Tim-3⁺CD4⁺ T cells (p=0.005) or Tim-3⁺CD8⁺ T cells (p<0.001) in glioma patients. Our results suggested that Tim-3 may be involved in the development of glioma.
Teriparatide, denosumab, alendronate, and risedronate are effective in reducing the risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Furthermore, denosumab, alendronate, and risedronate can reduce the risk of hip fracture, and risedronate can also reduce the risk of upper-arm fracture.
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