In a previous study, we developed a new analgesic index using nasal photoplethysmography (nasal photoplethysmographic index, NPI) and showed that the NPI was superior to the surgical pleth index (SPI) in distinguishing pain above numerical rating scale 3. Because the NPI was developed using data obtained from conscious patients with pain, we evaluated the performance of NPI in comparison with the SPI and the analgesia nociception index (ANI) in patients under general anaesthesia with targetcontrolled infusion of propofol and remifentanil. The time of nociception occurrence was defined as when the signs of inadequate anaesthesia occurred. The median values of NPI, SPI, and ANI for 1 minute from the time of the sign of inadequate anaesthesia were determined as the value of each analgesic index that represents inadequate anaesthesia. The time of no nociception was determined as 2 minutes before the onset of skin incision, and the median value for 1 minute from that time was defined as the baseline value. In total, 81 patients were included in the analysis. NPI showed good performance in distinguishing inadequate anaesthesia during propofol-remifentanil based general anaesthesia. NPI had the highest value in terms of area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, albeit without statistical significance (NPI: 0.733, SPI: 0.722, ANI: 0.668). The coefficient of variations of baseline values of NPI, SPI, and ANI were 27.5, 47.2, and 26.1, respectively. Thus, the NPI was effective for detecting inadequate anaesthesia, showing similar performance with both indices and less baseline inter-individual variability than the SPI.Second, whether NPI works well in general anaesthesia using volatile agents is yet to be validated. Some reports showed that the ANI value is affected by the anesthetic method 20,21 . Sevoflurane-based anaesthesia was significantly higher in the total power of heart rate variability than in the total intravenous anaesthesia at the time of tracheal intubation and maximum operative trauma 22 , and these characteristics were maintained even after tracheal extubation 22 . However, as far as we know, there is no evidence of SPI values changing according to different anaesthetic methods. Since the algorithm of NPI is closer to that of SPI than ANI, NPI can also be expected to work well in general anaesthesia using volatile anesthetics. Additional research is needed to clarify this issue.In conclusion, the NPI was effective for detecting inadequate anaesthesia during general anaesthesia with propofol and remifentanil. NPI had the highest value in terms of area under the ROC curve, albeit without statistical significance. However, NPI had less baseline interindividual variability than SPI in the absence of nociception. Scientific RepoRtS |(2020) 10:7130 | https://doi.
This study used the experience satisfaction index from the PKNU Maritime Index to examine Koreans' preference for marine experience and use the findings as basic data for policymaking in the future. The PKNU Maritime Index of Koreans was 585.3 out of 1,000, and the experience satisfaction index was 63.6. By focusing on the experience satisfaction index, this study confirmed that the PKNU Maritime Index had changed dynamically. The analysis showed that compared to the sub-domains of the PKNU Maritime Index, the degree of experience satisfaction had continued to increase after the introduction of the index. This paper further studied the correlation and influence between the marine experience factors and the satisfaction index. Above all, this study's results are expected to provide practical implications for establishing policy alternatives related to marine experience in the Northeast Asian sea region and be used as basic data for future research.
Fishing Village Language means the words that contain life and culture of fishing villages. This category covers vocabularies and expressions related to the environment, tradition, economic and cultural activity, and many other factors. This study analyzes Japanese expressions that are seen in the performance data of Fishing Village Language from the East, West, South, and Jeju Sea surrounding southern Korean Peninsula, which has been surveyed by Everyday Korean Language Project Group of National Institute of Korean Language. Based on the verified findings after analysis, I draw implications as follows. First, the recording and preservation of endangered fishing village language are necessary.In particular, the record and conservation of characteristic traits of fishing areas such as the Yellow Sea, East Sea, South Sea, and the Jeju Sea are important. Second, a purification project on Japanese expressions in fishing village language should be introduced. This will be the foundation for good communication to decrease miscommunications with young generations.
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