No abstract

In this study, dietary supplementations of Korean Meju, fermented soybean meal (F-SBM) by Aspergillus oryzae, and A. oryzae itself were evaluated on growth performance, feed utilization, immune responses and phosphorus availability in juvenile parrot fish, a marine aquaculture fish species. Four isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated to contain 8% soybean meal (control diet), 4% Meju (50% soybean meal was replaced by Meju), 4% F-SBM (50% soybean meal was replaced by F-SBM), or 0.08% A. oryzae itself. One of the four experimental diets was fed to triplicate groups of fish for 8 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, no significant differences were found in growth performances and feed utilization. Red blood cell counts in the fish fed the A. oryzae diet were significantly higher than that of fish fed the control diet. The antioxidant activity in Meju diet was significantly higher than that of the control and A. oryzae diets. Fish fed Meju and F-SBM diets showed numerically higher antioxidant activity of serum compared to that of fish fed the control diet, even though it was not significant. Liver superoxide dismutase activity of fish fed the test diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed the control diet. The apparent digestibility coefficients of protein of fish fed all the diets were not significantly different. Phosphorus absorption was numerically increased in fish fed F-SBM and A. oryzae diets compared to that of fish fed the control diet. This study indicates that the fermentation process of soybean meal does not impair growth performance and feed utilization in parrot fish. The fermentation process could enhance the availability of phosphorus in soybean meal and non-specific immune responses of parrot fish.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of cottonseed and soybean meal (CS) on growth performance, feed utilization, and gossypol accumulation in juvenile (mean body weight 11 g) Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric experimental diets (designated CS0, CS10, CS20, CS30, and CS40) containing 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% CS mixture (1:1 w/w) were formulated. After 9 weeks of feeding trial, fish fed all diets did not show significant differences in growth performances, feed utilization, and whole body compositions. Hemoglobin content gradually decreased (P < 0.05) with increments of CS inclusion levels. There was a positive linear relationship between dietary gossypol and total liver gossypol contents. Free radical scavenging activity in the experimental diets gradually increased with increment of dietary CS inclusion. This finding indicates that the mixture of cottonseed and soybean meal with methionine and lysine supplementation could replace up to 40% of fishmeal protein in diets. However, 20% fishmeal protein replacement by dietary inclusion of cottonseed (9.4%) and soybean (8.7%) meal might be the optimum and safe level for the commercial use of CS in juvenile Japanese flounder.

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A factorial (3 Â 4) feeding trial was conducted to investigate the e¡ects of feeding frequency and feed type on the growth performance, feed utilization and body proximate composition of juvenile olive £ounder. Three feed types including a sinking moist pellet (MP), a sinking dry pellet (DP) and a £oating extruded pellet (EP) were used. Fish (average weight,11.1 AE 0.4 g) were randomly distributed in thirty-six 300 L tanks in a £owthrough system. Triplicate groups (30 ¢sh per tank) of ¢sh were fed each feed type to visual satiation at three meals per day, two meals per day, one meal per day and one meal every 2 days for 7 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, the survival of ¢sh was not signi¢cantly di¡erent among the treatments.Weight gain was a¡ected by the feeding frequency. The highest weight gain was observed in ¢sh fed the EPat three meals per day.The daily feed intake of ¢sh fed the MP and DP tended to be higher than that of ¢sh fed the EP at each feeding frequency. The feed e⁄ciency and the protein e⁄ciency ratio of ¢sh fed the EP were higher than those of ¢sh fed the MP and DP. The body proximate composition of ¢sh was altered by the feeding frequency. The crude lipid content increased with the increase in the feeding frequency. The present ¢ndings suggest that three feedings per day at visual satiation of the £oating EP may be su⁄cient for the maximal growth performance of olive £ounder grown from 11 to 60 g.