Various countries and organizations call for banning the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) as prophylaxis and for growth promotion in the livestock industry. Hence, seeking a substitute for antibiotics is strongly required by the livestock industry to maintain the productivity level and profits. Probiotics could represent one viable solution because of their beneficial effects on host health and maintaining the intestinal microbiota balance. In the present study, we aimed to isolate bacterial strains with probiotics properties from JinHua pig (a Chinese native pig breed) gastrointestinal tract that have antagonistic activity against to common disease-causing bacteria on farms. The four most potent strains were isolated (PP31, BA11, BA40, BV5) by the agar well diffusion method and further characterized by acid, bile salt, trypsin tolerance, whole genome sequencing (WGS), and suppressing Clostridium perfringens adhesion to IPEC-J2 cells. According to these results, BA40 had the highest number and variety of probiotic secondary metabolic secretion genes and capacity to exclude the attachment of Clostridium perfringens to IPEC-J2 cells as same as PB6. The animal experiment in vivo illustrated that BA40 and PB6 could reduce the phenomenon induced by Clostridium perfringens challenge of body weight loss, colon length decrease, pro-inflammatory cytokine increase, and Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli increase. The present study provides evidence that BA40 could represent a novel probiotic candidate as PB6, which exhibited some probiotic features and mitigated the burden of Clostridium perfringens associated gut disease.
Microecological preparation could relieve Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88-induced diarrhea in piglets, but which bacteria play a key role and the mitigation mechanism have not been fully clarified. In this study, 36 male mice were randomly divided into six groups (CON, K88, BK (Bifidobacterium longum + K88), LK (Lactobacillus plantarum + K88), PK (Pediococcus acidilactici + K88), and MK (mixed strains + K88)) to explore the prevention mechanisms. Three probiotic strains and their mixtures (TPSM) significantly relieved the weight loss and restored the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the jejunum. Except for Bifidobacterium longum, other strains significantly decreased interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in mice serum. The TPSM treatment significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of the inflammatory cytokines and the Toll-like receptor and downstream gene (TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB) in jejunum induced by ETEC. Furthermore, the TPSM could restore dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota caused by ETEC. The intestinal microbiota analysis demonstrated that Bifidobacterium longum enriched the Bifidobacterium genus (p < 0.05), Lactobacillus plantarum enriched the Lactobacillus genus (p < 0.05), Pediococcus acidilactici enriched the Coriobacteriaceae_UCG-002 and Christensenellaceae_R-7_group genus (p < 0.05), mixed bacteria enriched the Akkermansia genus (p < 0.05), but ETEC enriched the Desulfovibrio genus (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the starch and sucrose metabolism, galactose and fructose metabolism, mannose metabolism and ABC transporters were increased with probiotics pre-treatment (p < 0.05). To sum up, the microecological preparation alleviated ETEC-induced diarrhea by regulating the immune response, rebalancing intestinal microbiota and improving carbohydrate metabolism.
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