Plants have evolved a two-layer immune system comprising pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) that is activated in response to pathogen invasion. Microbial patterns and pathogen effectors can be recognized by surface-localized pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellularly localized nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) to trigger PTI and ETI responses, respectively. At present, the metabolites activated by PTI and ETI and their roles and signaling pathways in plant immunity are not well understood. In this study, metabolomic analysis showed that ETI and PTI induced various flavonoids and amino acids and their derivatives to accumulate in plants. Interestingly, the contents of glutathione and neodiosmin were specifically upregulated by ETI and PTI, respectively, which significantly enhanced plant immunity. Further studies showed that glutathione and neodiosmin failed to induce a plant immune response in which PRRs/coreceptors were mutated. In addition, glutathione-reduced mutant gsh1 analysis showed that GSH1 is also required for PTI and ETI. Finally, we propose a possible model in which glutathione and neodiosmin are considered signature metabolites induced in the process of ETI and PTI activation in plants and further continuous enhancement of plant immunity in which PRRs/coreceptors are needed. This model is beneficial for the in-depth understanding of the closed-loop mode of the positive feedback regulation of PTI and ETI signals at the metabolic level.
BackgroundDespite the increasing prevalence of poor sleep quality among medical students, only few studies have identified the factors associated with it sing methods from epidemiological surveys. Predicting poor sleep quality is critical for ensuring medical Students’ good physical and mental health. The aim of this study was to develop a comprehensive visual predictive nomogram for predicting the risk of poor sleep quality in medical students.MethodsWe investigated medical Students’ association with poor sleep quality at JiTang College of North China University of Science and Technology through a cross-sectional study. A total of 5,140 medical students were randomized into a training cohort (75%) and a validation cohort (25%). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to explore the factors associated with poor sleep quality. A nomogram was constructed to predict the individual risk of poor sleep quality among the medical students studied.Results31.9% of medical students in the study reported poor sleep quality. We performed multivariate logistic analysis and obtained the final model, which confirmed the risk and protective factors of poor sleep quality (p < 0.05). Protective factors included the absence of physical discomfort (OR = 0.638, 95% CI: 0.546–0.745). Risk factors included current drinking (OR = 0.638, 95% CI: 0.546∼0.745), heavy study stress (OR = 2.753, 95% CI: 1.456∼5.631), very heavy study stress (OR = 3.182, 95% CI: 1.606∼6.760), depressive symptoms (OR = 4.305, 95% CI: 3.581∼5.180), and anxiety symptoms (OR = 1.808, 95% CI: 1.497∼2.183). The area under the ROC curve for the training set is 0.776 and the area under the ROC curve for the validation set is 0.770, which indicates that our model has good stability and prediction accuracy. Decision curve analysis and calibration curves demonstrate the clinical usefulness of the predictive nomograms.ConclusionOur nomogram helps predict the risk of poor sleep quality among medical students. The nomogram used includes the five factors of drinking, study stress, recent physical discomfort, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms. The model has good performance and can be used for further research on and the management of the sleep quality of medical students.
Salt stress causes osmotic stress, ion toxicity and oxidative stress, inducing the accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which further damage cell structure and inhibit the development of roots in plants. Previous study showed that vitamin B6 (VB6) plays a role in plant responses to salt stress, however, the regulatory relationship between ROS, VB6 and ABA under salt stress remains unclear yet in plants. In our study, we found that salt stress-induced ABA accumulation requires ROS production, in addition, salt stress also promoted VB6 (including pyridoxamine (PM), pyridoxal (PL), pyridoxine (PN), and pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP)) accumulation, which involved in ROS scavenging and ABA biosynthesis. Furthermore, VB6-deficient maize mutant small kernel2 (smk2) heterozygous is more susceptible to salt stress, and which failed to scavenge excessive ROS effectively or induce ABA accumulation in maize root under salt stress, interestingly, which can be restored by exogenous PN and PLP, respectively. According to these results, we proposed that PN and PLP play an essential role in balancing ROS and ABA levels under salt stress, respectively, it laid a foundation for VB6 to be better applied in crop salt resistance than ABA.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.