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BackgroundMicroRNAs (miRNAs) negatively regulate the gene expression and act as tumor suppressors or oncogenes in oncogenesis. The association between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in miR-196a2 rs11614913 and the susceptibility of digestive system cancers was inconsistent in previous studies.Methodology/Principal FindingsAn updated meta-analysis based on 15 independent case-control studies consisting of 4999 cancer patients and 7606 controls was performed to address this association. It was found that miR-196a2 polymorphism significantly elevated the risks of digestive system cancers (CT vs. TT, OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.07–1.45; CC vs. TT, OR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.13–1.67; CC/CT vs. TT, OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.10–1.50; CC vs. CT/TT, OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.01–1.30; C vs. T, OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.05–1.26). We also found that variant in miR-196a2 increased the susceptibility of colorectal cancer (CRC) (CT vs. TT, OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.04–1.44; CC vs. TT, OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.08–1.61; CC/CT vs. TT, OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.07–1.46; C vs. T, OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.05–1.28), while the association in recessive model (CC vs. CT/TT, OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 0.98–1.38) showed a marginal significance. Additionally, significant association between miR-196a2 polymorphism and increased risk of hepatocellular cancer (HCC) was detected. By stratifying tumors on the basis of site of origin, source of controls, ethnicity and allele frequency in controls, elevated cancer risks were observed.Conclusion/SignificanceOur findings suggest the significant association between miR-196a2 polymorphism and increased susceptibility of digestive system cancers, especially of CRC, HCC and Asians. Besides, C allele may contribute to increased digestive cancer risks.

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Nowadays E-health cloud systems are more and more widely employed. However the security of these systems needs more consideration due to the sensitive health information of patients. So far, some protocols about secure e-health cloud systems have been proposed, but many of them use the traditional PKI infrastructure to implement cryptographic mechanisms, which is cumbersome as they require every user having and remembering its own public/private keys. Identity based encryption (IBE) is a cryptographic primitive, which uses the identity information of the user (e.g., email address) as the public key. Hence, the public key is implicitly authenticated and the certificate management is greatly simplified. On the other hand, proxy re-encryption is a cryptographic primitive aiming at transforming a ciphertext under the delegator A's into another ciphertext, which can be decrypted by the delegatee B. In this paper, we describe several identity related cryptographic techniques for securing an E-health system, which include new IBE schemes and new identity based proxy re-encryption (IBPRE) schemes. We also prove these schemes' security and give their performance analysis. Our results show that our IBPRE scheme is especially highly efficient for re-encryption, which can be used to achieve cost-effective cloud usage.