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Identification of proteins and metabolic networks associated with sucrose accumulation in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. interspecific hybrids),

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Antibodies are essential for elucidating gene function. However, affordable technology for proteome-scale antibody generation does not exist. To address this, we developed Proteome Epitope Tag Antibody Library (PETAL) and its array. PETAL consists of 62,208 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against 15,199 peptides from diverse proteomes. PETAL harbors binders for a great multitude of proteins in nature due to antibody multispecificity, an intrinsic antibody feature. Distinctive combinations of 10,000 to 20,000 mAbs were found to target specific proteomes by array screening. Phenotype-specific mAb-protein pairs were found for maize and zebrafish samples. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry mAbs for membrane proteins and chromatin immunoprecipitation–sequencing mAbs for transcription factors were identified from respective proteome-binding PETAL mAbs. Differential screening of cell surface proteomes of tumor and normal tissues identified internalizing tumor antigens for antibody-drug conjugates. By finding high-affinity mAbs at a fraction of current time and cost, PETAL enables proteome-scale antibody generation and target discovery.

To overcome the inherent demerit of low power factor existing in transverse-flux permanent-magnet (TFPM) machines, a tubular staggered-teeth TFPM linear machine is presented here. Linear alternator integrated with free-piston Stirling engines could offer a great potential in a wide variety of applications ranging from solar energy generation to space power supply. The thermal behaviour of the machine is studied using a three-terminal lumped-parameter thermal network (LPTN) to solve the problem of temperature overestimation of the traditional LPTN. The determination of thermal resistances and thermal parameters are introduced in detail. The temperatures of various components of the machine under different load conditions are calculated by both the three-terminal LPTN model and the numerical thermal model. Sensitivity analysis is carried out to study the influence of critical thermal parameters on the temperature rise of the machine. On this basis, the effectiveness of the forced air cooling is investigated. A prototype is fabricated and temperature experiment indicates that there is a good agreement between measurement and calculation.

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Peach (Prunus persica) is a typical climacteric fruit that produces ethylene rapidly during ripening, and its fruit softens quickly. Stony hard peach cultivars, however, do not produce large amounts of ethylene, and the fruit remains firm until fully ripe, thus differing from melting flesh peach cultivars. To identify the key proteins involved in peach fruit ripening, an antibody-based proteomic analysis was conducted. A mega-monoclonal antibody (mAb) library was generated and arrayed on a chip (mAbArray) at a high density, covering~4950 different proteins of peach. Through the screening of peach fruit proteins with the mAbArray chip, differentially expressed proteins recognized by 1587 mAbs were identified, and 33 corresponding antigens were ultimately identified by immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry. These proteins included not only important enzymes involved in ethylene biosynthesis, such as ACO1, SAHH, SAMS, and MetE, but also novel factors such as NUDT2. Furthermore, protein-protein interaction analysis identified a metabolon containing SAHH and MetE. By combining the antibody-based proteomic data with the transcriptomic and metabolic data, a mathematical model of ethylene biosynthesis in peach was constructed. Simulation results showed that MetE is an important regulator during peach ripening, partially through interaction with SAHH.