Litter size has increased and farrowing duration has also prolonged in recent years. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of litter size and parity on farrowing duration (FAR) to estimate the possibility of selecting a short farrowing duration. We recorded 32,200 parturitions of 8420 Landrace × Yorkshire sows, determined farrowing duration, litter size, parity, gestation length. Results showed that total number of born (TNB) and parity obeyed a cubic (p = 0.0004, p = 0.004) relationship while number born alive (NBA) and number born dead (NBD) obeyed a linear (p = 0.0239, p = 0.0035) relationship with FAR. Gestation length obeyed a linear (p = 0.02) relationship with FAR. FAR of sows with stillbirth was longer than that of sows without stillbirth. Stillbirth rate increased rapidly from about 2% to 4%, especially when FAR was over 240 min. FAR gradually prolonged with the parities. FAR of 7th parity sows was longer than that of 1st~6th parity sows (p < 0.05), but different parity sows had little difference in the same FAR interval except for gilts. Results indicated it was possible and necessary to consider FAR into pig breeding without worrying about decreasing of live litter size or negative effect of parity if FAR was shorter than 300 min.
Mitochondria follow non‐Mendelian maternal inheritance, and thus can be used to compare genetic diversity and infer the expansion and migration between animal populations. Based on the mitochondrial DNA sequences of 58 pig breeds from Asia, Europe, Oceania, and America, we observed a distinct division of Eurasian pig species into two main Haplogroups (A and B), with the exception of the Berkshire and Yorkshire breeds. Oceanian pigs were much more similar to European and American pigs in Haplogroup A. Additionally, native Chinese pigs exhibited the most abundant genetic polymorphisms and occupied the centre of Haplogroup B. Miyazaki (Japan) and Siberia (Russia) are two distant and disconnected regions; however, most pigs from these regions were clustered into a subcluster, while native pigs from Korea clustered into a second subcluster. This study is the first to report that pigs from Thailand and Vietnam had haplotypes similar to those of Henan, where the earliest evidence of domestic pigs was found from the Yellow River Basin of North China. Local Henan pig breeds are related to many Asian breeds while still having their own mutation identity, such as g.314 delins T>AC/AT/C of the 12S rRNA gene in Yuxi. Some pigs from Palawan, Itbayat, and Batan Islands of the Philippines and Lanyu Island of China were distinct from other Asian pigs and clustered together into Haplogroup C. These findings show that the complexity of domestication of worldwide pig breeds and mitochondria could reflect genetic communication between pig breeds due to geographical proximity and human activities.
Background: To investigate if the expression of bone development causal genes BMP5, HMGA1 and PLAG1 in animals could be affected by HOXA1 with small molecule interfering RNA (siRNA) experiment in mouse embryonic osteoblast precursor cells.Methods: Four HOXA1 target siRNA sequences (siRNA1-4) were designed to transfect Mc3t3-e1-24 cells with LipofectamineTM2000 liposomes. The transcription and protein expression levels of HOXA1 were compared between siRNA groups. The mRNA and protein expressions of BMP5, HMGA1 and PLAG1 were compared before and after HOXA1 transfection. The mRNA expressions of bone cell proliferation marker genes Runx2, ALP, OCN, FGF3 and IGF2 were measured.Results: SiRNA1 has the strongest interference efficiency. The expressions of HOXA1 transfected with siRNA1 in Mc3t3-e1-24 cells were significantly down-regulated (P < 0.05). After the expression of HOXA1 was suppressed, the mRNA and protein expressions of BMP5 (P < 0.01), HMGA1 (P < 0.05) and PLAG1 (P < 0.05) were significantly increased. And, the transcription levels of Runx2, ALP, OCN, FGF3 and IGF2 genes were significantly increased (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), which indicated the increasing of osteoblast proliferation.Conclusions: In mouse embryonic osteoblast precursor cells, the expression levels of BMP5, HMGA1 and PLAG1 could be affected by the inhibition of HOXA1, and the changes of their expression levels were consistent that they all increased with the decreased HOXA1 and the increased cell proliferation. The molecular mechanisms under the interaction among these genes needs to be further studied.
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