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A novel heteropolysaccharide named SHDP was isolated from spent Hovenia dulcis peduncles (SHD) using alkali extraction. The preliminary characterization of the polysaccharide was performed by physicochemical and spectral methods. The bioactivities in vitro were also investigated. The results indicated that SHDPs are homogeneous with an average molecular weight of approximately 4570 kDa, and contain uronic acid (2.3%) and protein (3.6%). It is mainly composed of rhamnose, fucose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose, and galactose in a molar ratio of 3.