While super-resolution fluorescence microscopy is a powerful tool for biological research, obtaining multiplexed images for a large number of distinct target species remains challenging. Here we use the transient binding of short fluorescently labeled oligonucleotides (DNA-PAINT, point accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography) for simple and easy-to-implement multiplexed 3D super-resolution imaging inside fixed cells and achieve sub-10 nm spatial resolution in vitro using synthetic DNA structures. We also report a novel approach for multiplexing (Exchange-PAINT) that allows sequential imaging of multiple targets using only a single dye and a single laser source. We experimentally demonstrate ten-“color” super-resolution imaging in vitro on synthetic DNA structures and four-“color” imaging of proteins in a fixed cell.

Programmed self-assembly of strands of nucleic acid has proved highly effective for creating a wide range of structures with desired shapes1–25. A particularly successful implementation is DNA origami, in which a long scaffold strand is folded by hundreds of short auxiliary strands into a complex shape9, 14–16,18–21,25. Modular strategies are in principle simpler and more versatile and have been used to assemble DNA2–5,8,10–13,17,23 or RNA7,22 tiles into periodic3,4,7,22 and algorithmic5 two-dimensional lattices, extended ribbons10,12 and tubes4,12,13, three-dimensional crystals17, polyhedra11 and simple finite two-dimensional shapes7,8. But creating finite yet complex shapes from a large number of uniquely addressable tiles remains challenging. Here we solve this problem with the simplest tile form, a ‘single-stranded tile’ (SST) that consists of a 42-base strand of DNA composed entirely of concatenated sticky ends and that binds to four local neighbours during self-assembly12. Although ribbons and tubes with controlled circumferences12 have been created using the SST approach, we extend it to assemble complex two-dimensional shapes and tubes from hundreds (in some cases more than one thousand) distinct tiles. Our main design feature is a self-assembled rectangle that serves as a molecular canvas, with each of its constituent SST strands—folded into a 3nm-by-7 nm tile and attached to four neighbouring tiles—acting as a pixel. A desired shape, drawn on the canvas, is then produced by one-pot annealing of all those strands that correspond to pixels covered by the target shape; the remaining strands are excluded. We implement the strategy with a master strand collection that corresponds to a 310-pixel canvas, and then use appropriate strand subsets to construct 107 distinct and complex two-dimensional shapes, thereby establishing SST assembly as a simple, modular and robust framework for constructing nanostructures with prescribed shapes from short synthetic DNA strands.

Current super-resolution techniques offer unprecedented spatial resolution, but quantitative counting of spatially unresolvable molecules remains challenging. Here, we use the programmable and specific binding of dye-labeled DNA probes to count integer numbers of targets. This method, called quantitative Points Accumulation In Nanoscale Topography (qPAINT), avoids the challenging task of analyzing the environmentally sensitive hard-to-predict photophysics of dyes, and enables robust counting by analyzing the predictable binding kinetics of dye-labeled DNA probes. We benchmarked qPAINT in vitro and in situ by counting strands on DNA nanostructures, Nup98 protein clusters in the nuclear pore complex, Bruchpilot proteins in Drosophila, and finally the number of fluorescence in situ hybridization probes on single mRNA targets in fixed cells. We achieved high accuracy (~98–99 %), high precision (~80–95 %), and multiplexed detection over a large dynamic range.

Recent advances in fluorescence super-resolution microscopy have allowed sub-cellular features and synthetic nanostructures down to ~15 nm in size to be imaged. However, direct optical observation of individual molecular targets (~5 nm) in a densely packed biomolecular cluster remains a challenge. Here, we show that such discrete molecular imaging is possible using DNA-PAINT (points accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography) - a super-resolution fluorescence microscopy technique that exploits programmable transient oligonucleotide hybridisation - on synthetic DNA nanostructures. We examined the effects of high photon count, high blinking statistics, and appropriate blinking duty cycle on imaging quality, and developed a software-based drift correction method that achieves <1 nm residual drift (r.m.s.) over hours. This allowed us to image a densely packed triangular lattice pattern with ~5 nm point-to-point distance, and analyse DNA origami structural offset with angstrom-level precision (2 Å) from single-molecule studies. By combining the approach with multiplexed Exchange-PAINT imaging, we further demonstrated an optical nano-display with 5×5 nm pixel size and three distinct colours, and with <1 nm cross-channel registration accuracy. This method opens up possibilities for direct and quantitative optical observation of individual biomolecular features in crowded environments.

Self-folding of an information-carrying polymer into a defined structure is foundational to biology and offers attractive potential as a synthetic strategy. Although multicomponent self-assembly has produced complex synthetic nanostructures, unimolecular folding has seen limited progress. We describe a framework to design and synthesize a single DNA or RNA strand to self-fold into a complex yet unknotted structure that approximates an arbitrary user-prescribed shape. We experimentally construct diverse multikilobase single-stranded structures, including a ~10,000-nucleotide (nt) DNA structure and a ~6000-nt RNA structure. We demonstrate facile replication of the strand in vitro and in living cells. The work here thus establishes unimolecular folding as a general strategy for constructing complex and replicable nucleic acid nanostructures, and expands the design space and material scalability for bottom-up nanotechnology.

Single-cell profiling methods have had a profound impact on the understanding of cellular heterogeneity. While genomes and transcriptomes can be explored at the single-cell level, single-cell profiling of proteomes is not yet established. Here we describe new single-molecule protein sequencing and identification technologies alongside innovations in mass spectrometry that will eventually enable broad sequence coverage in single-cell profiling. These technologies will in turn facilitate biological discovery and open new avenues for ultrasensitive disease diagnostics.

Distinct electromagnetic properties can emerge from the three-dimensional (3D) configuration of a plasmonic nanostructure. Furthermore, the reconfiguration of a dynamic plasmonic nanostructure, driven by physical or chemical stimuli, may generate a tailored plasmonic response. In this work, we constructed a 3D reconfigurable plasmonic nanostructure with controllable, reversible conformational transformation using bottom-up DNA self-assembly. Three gold nanorods (AuNRs) were positioned onto a reconfigurable DNA origami tripod. The internanorod angle and distance were precisely tuned through operating the origami tripod by toehold-mediated strand displacement. The transduction of conformational change manifested into a controlled shift of the plasmonic resonance peak, which was studied by dark-field microscopy, and agrees well with electrodynamic calculations. This new 3D plasmonic nanostructure not only provides a method to study the plasmonic resonance of AuNRs at prescribed 3D conformations but also demonstrates that DNA origami can serve as a general self-assembly platform for constructing various 3D reconfigurable plasmonic nanostructures with customized optical properties.

The courtship behavior of Drosophilid flies has served as a long-standing model for studying the bases of animal communication. During courtship, male flies flap their wings to send a complex pattern of airborne vibrations to the antennal ears of the females. These "courtship songs" differ in their spectrotemporal composition across species and are considered a crucial component of the flies' premating barrier. However, whether the species-specific differences in song structure are also reflected in the receivers of this communication system, i.e., the flies' antennal ears, has remained unexplored. Here we show for seven members of the melanogaster species group that (1) their ears are mechanically tuned to different best frequencies, (2) the ears' best frequencies correlate with high-frequency pulses of the conspecific courtship songs, and (3) the species-specific tuning relies on amplificatory mechanical feedback from the flies' auditory neurons. As a result of its level-dependent nature, the active mechanical feedback amplification is particularly useful for the detection of small stimuli, such as conspecific song pulses, and becomes negligible for sensing larger stimuli, such as the flies' own wingbeat during flight.